Procedures for establishing second-order excitation (conditioned stimulus [CS] 1-unconditioned stimulus [US] trials followed by CS2-CS1 trials) are highly similar to those for Pavlovian conditioned inhibition (CS1-US trials interspersed with CS2-CS1 trials). Conditioned suppression in rats was used to identify the critical operational differences that result in second-order excitation as opposed to Pavlovian inhibition. No, few, or many CS2-CS1 trials were either interspersed with or given after CS1-US trials. CS2 proved excitatory only after few CS2-CS1 trials, either interspersed or sequential (Experiment 1). In contrast, CS2 proved inhibitory on both summation (Experiment 2) and retardation (Experiment 3) tests only after many CS2-CS1 trials, and then only when the excitatory status of CS1 was preserved. Apparently, the critical difference for establishing second-order excitation or Pavlovian inhibition is the number of CS2-CS1 pairings.

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Urbanization is an important part of economic development in China which directly related to industrial development. Industrial development is based on energy production, consumption, and trade. A new type of urbanization with low carbon city development is an urgent matter in the researcher community for developing an appropriate strategy, policy, technology, and action. The aim of this study is to explore the status and assess the strategy and policy of low carbon city development in the context of urbanization. It also finds out the effects of new type of urbanization on low carbon city development by finding out constraints and providing recommendations. An extensive literature review with meta-analysis has been done considering various indicators of low carbon city development. This study reveals that most of the large cities are already under the pilot projects of low carbon city development. It also finds out some major indicators of low carbon city like economic growth, energy using pattern, social and lifestyle factor, carbon and environment, urban mobilization, solid waste management, and water management in the context of urbanization. Rapid urbanization requires more building construction and energy which emits more GHG. It suggests that an assessment index system should be introduced by the government to control, monitor and motivate people to use low carbon technology. It further suggests that rules and regulations, awareness building, locality-based technology and practices, and participation of all stakeholders in policy making should be maintained by the government for sustainable low carbon city development in China.