Second-order conditioning and Pavlovian conditioned inhibition: Operational similarities and differences.

Yin, Hua; Barnet, Robert C.; Miller, Ralph R.

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.20.4.419

Cited by 75 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…When CS X is later presented in compound with a transfer excitor B within a summation test, the BX compound evokes weaker responding than when B is presented alone. Yin, Barnet, and Miller (1994) found that with few AXϪ trials, CS X came to act as a second-order excitor. However, with more AXϪ trials, while holding the number of A 3 US trials constant, CS X came to act as a conditioned inhibitor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Backward conditioning: Mediation by the context.

Chang¹,

Blaisdell²,

Miller³

2003

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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The information acquired in backward conditioning (i.e., outcome 3 cue) was assessed in 3 Pavlovian lick-suppression experiments with water-deprived rats as subjects. Experiment 1 confirmed previous research that few outcome 3 cue pairings made the cue into a conditioned excitor and additionally showed that massive posttraining extinction of the training context attenuated a backward-trained cue's excitatory value. Experiment 2 found that many outcome 3 cue pairings made the cue into a conditioned inhibitor and that the same context manipulation attenuated this inhibitory value. Experiment 3 confirmed the observations of Experiments 1 and 2 and demonstrated that these effects of context extinction were specific to backward-trained cues conditioned in the extinguished context. These results are interpreted in terms of cue 3 context and context 3 outcome associations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Backward conditioning: Mediation by the context.

Chang¹,

Blaisdell²,

Miller³

2003

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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“…This treatment can result in CS X eliciting either excitatory responding (i.e., second-order conditioning) or behavior indicative of inhibition (i.e., Pavlovian conditioned inhibition). Interestingly, some studies found that second-order conditioning occurs after few AX noUS trials, followed by the development of Pavlovian conditioned inhibition after many AX noUS trials (Stout, Escobar, & Miller, 2004;Yin, Barnet, & Miller, 1994). These authors (also see Gewirtz & Davis, 2000) interpreted these results as indicative of the operation of two processes that develop at different rates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The first simulation regards the aforementioned transition from second-order conditioning (e.g., Pavlov, 1927;Rizley & Rescorla, 1972) to Pavlovian conditioned inhibition (e.g., Pavlov, 1927) as a function of the number of trials (Stout et al, 2004;Yin et al, 1994). Figure 1 summarizes the design of the simulation (see table in the inset).…”

Section: Some Contrary Associative Effects Explained By the Response mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The simulation program used in this study is available for download from the author's website and from the Psychonomic Society website at www.psychonomic.org/archive. PINEÑO inhibition (negative interaction) by Yin et al (1994;see also Stout et al, 2004) recently encouraged Stout and Miller (2007) to develop a mathematical formulation of the extended comparator hypothesis (Denniston et al, 2001) that can account for both positive and negative interaction phenomena. As in the original and extended comparator hypothesis, in Stout and Miller's SOCR (i.e., Sometimes Competing Retrieval) model, the presentation of the target CS at test will retrieve the memory of the US-representation both directly and indirectly, through the activation of the representation of those CSs previously trained in compound with the target CS.…”

Section: Hofstra University Hempstead New Yorkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A response rule for positive and negative stimulus interaction in associative learning and performance

Pineño

2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…Yin, Barnet, & Miller, 1994). Analogously, theories of causal learning may regard the lever as a cause of a cause, or as a causal preventer.…”

Section: Predictions Of Substantive Views Of Causal Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervening to learn about effects of one’s actions

Bowers¹,

Timberlake²

2018

AB&C

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-Intervention provides a reliable cue to veridical causality. Just as an experimenter manipulates variables to distinguish cause and effect from mere correlation, so might a rat learn differently about the effects of its own actions. However, theory remains vague on specific predictions. The present study asks whether and how producing a conditional stimulus by lever contact alters what a rat learns about that stimulus. Despite the theoretical pressure among theories of causal reasoning for an effect of intervention to hold, the effect we found was not in standard goal-oriented response variables, but in a general activity measure, and so not readily interpretable by typical theories of causal reasoning. We propose a viable explanation for this pattern in terms of multiple foraging strategies. The primary contribution of the present results is that they pose three challenges to theories that concern how animals deal with cause and effect: 1) to resolve present ambiguities regarding predictions; 2) to situate causal cognition research in specific ecological contexts, such as predation; and 3) to look beyond goal acquisition, to the rest of the animal's behavior, including general activity. We present one potential solution in alignment with behavior systems approaches. Keywords -Intervention, Causal reasoning, Graphical models, Behavior systems, General activity, Rattus norvegicusExperimenters manipulate variables to discern cause and effect from mere correlation. They understand that producing a potential cause by one's own action to observe its effects (intervention) is crucial to their ability to attribute causation, and how observing covariation in this context provides much stronger evidence of causation than observing the same pattern occurring without control over relevant variables. However, it is not only experimenters who experiment. Cooks experiment with recipes; electricians experiment with circuits; and the rest of us experiment with recipes, circuits, plumbing, automotive repair, and whenever we attempt to decipher hidden causal factors. When we do, we are not always very principled scientists about it (even the principled scientists), but whatever experimental control we may overlook while adjusting the amount of sugar in a cake, reliably, when we test causal factors, here or in any domain, we intervene on variables.Likewise, rats are not merely passive observers, but engage in reliable patterns of appetitive behavior in which they interact with objects in their environments in system-specific ways. A feedingready rat will root, gnaw, and manipulate protrusions, thereby producing effects that may provide meaningful cues to causality. Such information is often available to be exploited by an active learner. Do they use this information appropriately? Are rats naïve experimenters? To be clear, the question is not whether rats are doing what a trained experimenter does. Rather, one can imagine a rat testing hypotheses with no more foresight than shown by human naïve experimenters. For instanc...

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Second-order conditioning and Pavlovian conditioned inhibition: Operational similarities and differences.

Cited by 75 publications

References 20 publications

Backward conditioning: Mediation by the context.

Backward conditioning: Mediation by the context.

A response rule for positive and negative stimulus interaction in associative learning and performance

Intervening to learn about effects of one’s actions

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