TiO 2 nanowires connected directly with TiO 2 nanotubes arrays (TNWs/TNAs) were successfully fabricated with a mixture of ethylene glycol and water that contained NH 4 F electrolyte via a one-step method without mechanical stirring. The morphology of the TNWs/TNAs structure was investigated by changing the anodizing voltage and processing time to elucidate its formation mechanism. Well-developed anodic oxide nanowires are only observed under specific anodizing voltage and processing time conditions. The evolution of TNWs follows four stages: (1) thinning of the tube wall thickness with high roughness near the TNA mouths, (2) forming strings of through holes in the upper section of the TNAs, (3) splitting into nanowires, and (4) collapsing and further thinning of nanowires. For photocatalytic application, TNWs/TNAs film demonstrated a better photocatalytic performance than regular TNAs due to higher surface area predominantly and improved charge transport. Moreover, TNWs/TNAs film (20 nm wire/40 nm pore diameter) achieved a performance comparable to that of the film made from TiO 2 nanoparticles.
A high-temperature reactive porogen, triethoxy(polystyrene)silane (TEPSS) (M w =3,500 g/mole), suitable for late-porogen removal integration scheme has been synthesized in p-xylene via atom transfer radical polymerization. TEPSS was then grafted onto poly(methyl-silsesquioxane) (MSQ) matrix (k=2.9) to circumvent possible phase separation between matrix and porogen in the hybrid approach and porogen aggregation. Our results shows porous low-k MSQ films possess uniform pore size, 24 nm for porosity up to 40%, primarily due to low PDI and reactive porogen, and the dielectric constant is decreased to 2.37 at 40% porosity. In addition, less porogen aggregation was observed at porogen loading ~40 v%.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.