Nitrate
(NO3
–) reduction reaction
(NtRR) is considered as a green alternative method for the conventional
method of NH3 synthesis (Haber–Bosch process), which
is known as a high energy consuming and large CO2 emitting
process. Herein, the copper nanodendrites (Cu NDs) grown along with
the {200} facet as an efficient NtRR catalyst have been successfully
fabricated and investigated. It exhibited high Faradaic efficiency
of 97% at low potential (−0.3 V vs RHE). Furthermore, the 15NO3
– isotope labeling method
was utilized to confirm the formation of NH3. Both experimental
and theoretical studies showed that NtRR on the Cu metal nanostructure
is a facet dependent process. Dissociation of NO bonding is supposed
to be the rate-determining step as NtRR is a spontaneously reductive
and protonation process for all the different facets of Cu. Density
functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that Cu{200} and Cu{220}
offer lower activation energy for dissociation of NO compared to that
of Cu{111}.
The objective of this study was to compare the oxidative stress induced in rat internal organs by the administration of the following clinically used intravenous (IV) iron (Fe) containing compounds: iron sucrose (IS), iron dextran (ID), ferric carboxymaltose and ferumoxytol. Groups of six adult rats received 1 mg/kg of each compound weekly for 5 doses. Seven days following the last dose, animals were euthanized and tissue samples of heart, lung, liver, and kidney were obtained, washed in warmed saline and frozen under liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for analysis for nitrotyrosine (NT) and dinitro phenyl (DNP) as markers of oxidative stress. All tissues showed a similar pattern of oxidative stress. All Fe products stimulated an increase in the tissue concentration of both NT and DNP. In general, DNP was stimulated significantly less than NT except for IS. DNP was stimulated to an equal degree except for ID where NT was significantly higher than the NT concentrations in all other Fe compounds. ID produced over 10-fold the concentration of NT than any other Fe. IV Fe compounds present a risk of oxidative stress to a variety of internal organs. However, we found that IS was the least damaging and ID was the worst.
In this study, we achieved a facile and low-cost (18−22 USD/g) synthesis of spiro[fluorene-9,9-phenanthren-10one]-based interfacial layer materials (MSs; designated MS-PC, MS-PA, MS-OC, and MS-OA). Carbazoles and dimethylacridine substituents with an extended π-conjugation achieved through ortho-or para-orientations were used as donors at the spiro-[fluorene-9,9′-phenanthren-10′-one] moiety. Highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with the device architecture of ITO/NiO x /MSs/perovskite/PC 61 BM/BCP/Ag can be achieved to improve the surface morphology of NiO x when MSs are adopted as the interfacial layer. During a morphological study, the ortho-orientated donor of MS-OC and MS-OA has spherical structures indicated that the films were smooth and that the films of perovskite deposited on them had large grain size and uniformity. The photoluminescence properties of the perovskite layers on the NiO x /MSs were showed better hole-transporting capabilities than the bare NiO x . The dual-functional interfacial layer has shown defect passivation effect, it not only improved the surface morphology of NiO x but also enlarged the perovskite layer grain size. The best PSC device performance of the NiO x /MS-OC was characterized by 22.34 mA cm −2 short-circuit current density (J sc ), 1.128 V open-circuit voltage (V oc ), and 80.8% fill factor (FF), resulting in 20.34% power conversion efficiency (PCE). The NiO x /MS-OC PSCs showed good long-term device stability, even retained the original PCE of 93.16% after 370 days under argon (25 °C). Owing to the superior perovskite morphologies of the NiO x /MSs, the resulting devices outperformed the bare NiO x -based PSCs.
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