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Because of recent advances in the production and installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems, the international conformity of PV module performance measurement has become increasingly important. The increase in PV production sites is particularly significant in the Asian region. The present paper summarizes and discusses the results of a round‐robin intercomparison of crystalline silicon modules among national laboratories and certified testing laboratories in the Asian region conducted from 2009 to 2011. Most of the values of Pmax measured at the different laboratories were within a ±2% range, although some Pmax results showed differences of up to about 3%. This result is comparable to that obtained in the recent intercomparison among international laboratories. Possible sources of difference in the measured values of Isc, Voc, FF, and Pmax are discussed, for further improvement of international conformity in PV measurement technologies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The oxidation behavior of the Cu 47.5 Zr 47.5 Al 5 (Cu3) and Cu 47 Ti 34 Zr 11 Ni 8 (Cu4) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) was studied over the temperature range of 400°C to 500°C in dry air. The oxidation kinetics of both alloys generally followed a multistage parabolic-rate law, and the steady-state parabolic-rate constants (k p values) fluctuated with temperature for the Cu3 BMG, but increased with increasing temperature for the Cu4 BMG. The scales formed on the BMGs were strongly dependent on the temperature and alloy composition, and were composed primarily of tetragonal-ZrO 2 (t-ZrO 2 ) and minor amounts of Al 2 O 3 , Cu 2 O, and CuO at 400°C for the Cu3 BMG, while the monoclinic-ZrO 2 (m-ZrO 2 ) phase is present at T ‡ 425°C, and the Cu 2 O phase is absent at 500°C. Conversely, the scales formed on the Cu4 BMG consisted exclusively of CuO at 400°C, while minor amounts of t-ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , and ZrTiO 4 formed at 425°C to 450°C, and TiO was also detected at higher temperatures. It was found that both amorphous Cu3 and Cu4 substrates transformed into different crystalline phases, and were strongly dependent on temperature and duration of time.

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