We fabricate graded index (GI) multi-channel polymer optical waveguides comprised of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA)-poly benzyl methacrylate copolymer for the purpose of achieving high thermal stability in the GI profiles. The waveguides obtained show slightly higher propagation loss (0.033 dB/cm at 850 nm) than doped PMMA based GI-core polymer waveguides we have reported, due to the excess scattering loss inherent to the mixture of copolymer and homo-polymer in the core area. In this paper, we focus on the influence of the excess scattering loss on mode conversion and inter-channel crosstalk. We simulate the behavior of light propagating inside the core with and without the scattering effect. Using the simulation, the excess loss experimentally observed in the copolymer-core waveguide is successfully reproduced, and then, we find that the excess scattering loss of 0.008 dB/cm could increase the inter-channel crosstalk from -30 dB to -23 dB which agrees with the experimentally observed value. Although the simulation of the inter-channel crosstalk was performed only on our GI-core polymer optical waveguides, it is capable of modeling the conventional SI rectangular-core waveguides. Some amount of excess scattering is generally observed in the conventional SI-core waveguides, and thus, the application of this simulation to SI-core waveguides allows a feasible design for high-density alignment of the waveguides.
With the growing availability of data within various scientific domains, generative models hold enormous potential to accelerate scientific discovery at every step of the scientific method. Perhaps their most valuable application lies in the speeding up of what has traditionally been the slowest and most challenging step of coming up with a hypothesis. Powerful representations are now being learned from large volumes of data to generate novel hypotheses, which is making a big impact on scientific discovery applications ranging from material design to drug discovery. The GT4SD [Team, 2022] (https://github.com/GT4SD/gt4sd-core) is an extensible open-source library that enables scientists, developers and researchers to train and use state-of-the-art generative models for hypothesis generation in scientific discovery. GT4SD supports a variety of uses of generative models across material science and drug discovery, including molecule discovery and design based on properties related to target proteins, omic profiles, scaffold distances, binding energies and more.Keywords Generative Models • Scientific Discovery • Accelerated Discovery • Open Source Humanity's progress has been characterised by a delicate balance between curiosity and creativity. Science is no exception with its long evolution through trial and error. While remarkably successful, the scientific method can be a slow iterative process that can be inadequate when faced with important and pressing needs, e.g., the need to swiftly develop drugs and antibiotics or design novel materials and processes to mitigate climate change effects. Indeed, it can take almost a decade to discover a new material and cost upwards of $10-$100 million. One of the most daunting challenges in materials discovery is hypothesis generation, where it is extremely challenging to identify and select novel and useful candidates in search spaces that are overwhelming in size, e.g., the chemical space for drug-like molecules is estimated to contain 10 33 structures [Polishchuk et al., 2013].To overcome this problem, in recent years, generative models have emerged as an effective approach to design and discover molecules with desired properties. Generative models more efficiently and effectively navigate and explore vast search spaces that are learned from data based on user-defined criteria. Starting from a series of seminal works [Gómez-
This paper describes an advanced optical link model composed of multimode waveguide that is used to aid the development of low-power, high-density, and high-speed multi-channel interconnects. The model consists of a VCSEL, a pair of multi-channel rectangular step-index (SI) or graded-index (GI) type optical waveguides, a graded-index multimode fiber (GI MMF), and a photo detector. Here we assume that each waveguide is integrated on a printed circuit board (PCB), and these two PCBs are connected by the GI MMF ribbon (board-to-board interconnection). Then, we focus on the connection of these link components. For optical links with low-power consumption, the link penalty should be minimized. In this paper, the benefits of GI waveguides over SI waveguides are investigated, particularly about the coupling losses. We start the analysis using the fundamental ray optics. The rays emit from a VSCEL with Gaussian angular intensity distribution. Both between the laser source and the waveguide (Tx side), and between the waveguide and the photodiode (Rx side), a 50 μm gap is assumed, which is filled with a uniform medium with similar refractive index to the core center for the purpose of reducing the Fresnel reflection loss. Furthermore, the two waveguides are connected by a GI MMF, which guides the light from the Tx side to the Rx side. The characteristics such as near field pattern (NFP) and connection loss are addressed. The calculated results show the GI waveguides confine the lightwave intensity near the core center more tightly than the SI waveguide, which result in lower coupling loss (0.46 dB for GI waveguide vs. 1.35 dB for the SI counterpart) between the 35 μm core size waveguides and the 35 μm diameter photo diode (PD). This calculation helps us to characterize the high performance optical link with a more reliable model.
With the growing availability of data within various scientific domains, generative models hold enormous potential to accelerate scientific discovery. They harness powerful representations learned from datasets to speed up the formulation of novel hypotheses with the potential to impact material discovery broadly. We present the Generative Toolkit for Scientific Discovery (GT4SD). This extensible open-source library enables scientists, developers, and researchers to train and use state-of-the-art generative models to accelerate scientific discovery focused on organic material design.
For applications in high-density and high-speed optical interconnections, we propose to utilize polymer parallel optical waveguides (PPOWs) with so-called W-shaped refractive index profile in the core area. A W-shaped index profile is composed of a parabolic index distribution surrounded by a narrow index valley, followed by a cladding with a uniform refractive index. We expect that W-shaped index profiles contribute to decreasing the inter-channel crosstalk due to mode conversion in the waveguides. In this paper, we investigate how much the index difference of the index valley improves the crosstalk value. First, we fabricate polymer waveguides with various index profiles by changing the composition of the copolymer for cladding. We show the results that a 1-m long W-shaped profile PPOW has not only low propagation loss (0.027 dB/cm), but an inter-channel crosstalk (~-40 dB) lower than those of graded index (GI) core PPOW we previously fabricated. Next, we theoretically analyze the propagation loss and inter-channel crosstalk in polymer waveguides with different index profiles by means of a ray tracing model in which the light scattering effect is included. The calculation results indicate that the index valley surrounding each core works properly for preventing the power coupling from the cladding modes to the propagation modes, and consequently, very low inter-channel crosstalk is realized with W-shaped index profiles.
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