The aim of the research was to analyze the structure of Ukraine’s anthropogenic landscape and the directions of its development for the purposes of further reconstruction and rational use. The current state of ten types of anthropogenic landscapes was assessed. In the research based on the maps of natural and contemporary landscapes, use was primarily made of historical and archaeological methods, including historical and genetic sequences. The present landscape of Ukraine can be described as the coexistence of three types of landscapes: natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic. Anthropogenic landscapes which are definitely dominating nowadays, started to be formed in the late Paleolithic. The classification of ten types of anthropogenic landscapes should be improved and supplemented as the new types of anthropogenic landscapes are created, e.g. garden and park landscapes. Anthropogenic landscapes do not exist in isolation, but interact with one another and with natural landscapes. What is particularly noteworthy is the reconstruction of the anthropogenic landscape of the Forest-Field zone. The restoration of landscapes should begin with the creation of an eco-network. The national ecological network is ineffective because it does not take into account anthropogenic landscape changes. The reconstruction of all types of anthropogenic landscapes must allow for their zonal and regional specificity as well as their cultural importance. The cultural landscape will be the basis of the new structure of the national eco-network and will increase its range.
The problems of the current state of possibilities of reconstruction and rational use of regional reclamation landscape technical systems have been considered. It has been noted that for studying the process of their formation and modern functioning GIS-method (GIS-packages SAS.Planet.Release and GoogleEarthPro) were used in addition to field landscape research. The meaning of the concept of “reclamation landscape technical system” as a structure in which interconnected hydraulic structures and water bodies that are necessary to ensure and maintain the optimal operation mode of the reclamation landscape complex has been clarified. The main types of reclamation such as hydraulic, cultural, chemical, agrotechnical and agroforestrytechnical have been partially discribed. The essence of the concept of “hydraulic reclamation” as a set of measures aimed at improving the water- air (waterlogging and dehydration) regime of soils has been considered more detailed. The expediency of resumption of reclamation measures in the territory of Ukraine has been confirmed, as 2/3 of its area is in conditions of unfavorable water regime. This study is focused on the analysis of drainage and humidification systems as the most effective in ensuring the regulation of excessive moisture or its deficit. It has been shown that the peak of reclamation works and construction of reclamation landscape technical systems was observed 1950–1965. The largest irrigation, drainage, polder and drainage-humidification systems in Ukraine have been discribed. It has been found that the decline of reclamation systems began in 1991 and was characterized by a reduction in the area of irrigated and drained lands and the deterioration of their ecological condition. Emphasis has been placed on the study of regional drainage and humidification systems and three stages of their development in Ukraine have been identified. Possible measures for the rational use of reclamation systems on the example of the Trubizh regional drainage and humidification landscape technical system have been proposed. It has been noted that the development of regional plans for the rational use of this system should be based on the analysis of the history of economic development of the Trubizh river basin and taking into account the specifics of the landscape structure of the canal-floodplain type. Reconstruction of the reclamation system has been recommended to conduct in two stages: the first one is based on the modernization of hydraulic structures and the main canal, the second one is based on the internal and landscape structure of the system. The feasibility of partial restructuring of the open network for closed drainage and the creation of temporary drainage channels has been confirmed, which will allow more rational use of resources of the Trubizh reclamation landscape technical system.
We analyzed one of the inseparable components of road landscapes of Ukraine, their ecozones. As noted, road landscapes are divided into three categories: road landscape-en- gineer systems (RLESs), road landscape-technogenic systems (RLTSs) and road landscapes proper (RLP). Depending on those categories of road landscapes, there form respective road ecozones. Most distinctively, they become structured and developed over the process of constructing and functioning of RLESs. Therefore, the objectives of our research were the structure, typology, properties and significance of ecozones, mostly those of road landscape-engineer systems for the purpose of their rational exploitation. The objects of the research were RLESs of Ternopil-Khemel- nytskyi-Vinnytsia-Uman-Kropyvnytskyi (M-12) and Kyiv-Odesa (M-5). The research was carried out using the basic principles of landscape science – emergence, cause and effect relationships, history, comparability; methods of analysis, synthesis, modeling, map- ping, GIS-technologies using the software: graphic editors CorelDRAW and Adobe Photoshop, and also open-source network of satellite images Google Earth and other. The notion of road ecozone is considered as a complex ecological structure that is formed and developed over the process of functioning of road landscapes. In more details, we have analyzed the ecozones of modern road landscape-engineer systems M-12 and M-5 which have long been actively operating. Field landscape-science-oriented and ecological studies of ecozones of those RLESs over the period of 2019-2021 made it possible to distinguish and substantiate ten microecozones in their structure. Their specific features are conditioned by specifics of the structure and ecologic condition of previous landscape complexes – the fundamentals of modern RLESs; spatial-temporal specifics of the formation; «linear» spread; dependence on the func- tioning of one type of transport (automobile) and purpose. The features of microecozones are conditioned by land allocated to roads, technical impact, chemical contamination, contamination of soil, aquatic and air contaminations, acoustic and lighting impacts, and esthetic and landscape contaminations. Over the process of further studies, it is possible to distinguish other microecozones, specifically those of biotic and geological impacts, and also uniting certain microecozones into groups. We analyzed one of typical features of road ecozones – their asymmetry. We distinguished and characterized three types of asymmetry of road ecozones – wind-caused, orographic and landscape asymmetries. Not always do their vectors of development coincide. We should note that over the process of functioning of RLTSs and SRLs, there also develop roadside ecozones with respective set of microecozones, though they need additional studies. Further study of ecozones in road landscapes would allow for more thorough planning and forming of their structure, functioning, im- pact on human health and environment. Road landscapes of any category need to be re-constructed into a system of complex purpose – transport, scientific, recreational and esthetic.
Formulation of the problem. The incorporation of any reclamation system into the existing landscape complexes leads to increased contrast of environments and activation of material-energy-information flows. The construction of the reclamation system in the basin of the Trubizh River radically changed the landscape structure of the riverbed and floodplain, which led to a significant impact on the adjacent landscape complexes. Trubizh water management landscape-technical system goes beyond one river valley, so ill-considered economic activity can lead to deterioration of the ecological condition of adjacent landscape complexes. The study of anthropogenic paradynamic connections between different landscape structures will provide a better understanding of the functioning of the Trubizh water management landscape-technical system and the peculiarities of interaction with adjacent landscapes, which, in turn, will predict its further development and develop ways of rational use. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the Trubizh water management landscape-technical system as an anthropogenic paradynamic system. Methods. The process of transformation of natural paradynamic connections into anthropogenic and formation of anthropogenic paradynamic landscape complexes with the help of databases of GIS packages SAS.Planet.Release and GoogleEarthPro is analyzed. The research was conducted using the following methods: system analysis, generalization, comparative-geographical, final results, cartographic, GIS-method. To analyze anthropogenic paradynamic landscape complexes and anthropogenic paradynamic connections between them, GIS packages were used, with the help of databases the process of restructuring of natural paradynamic connections into anthropogenic and formation of anthropogenic paradynamic landscape complexes was analyzed. Results. Because the Trubizh water management landscape-technical system extends beyond one river valley (covering floodplain, floodplain terrace and slope types of areas), it unites the entire river basin into a single whole with the help of anthropogenic paradynamic connections. This poses a threat to the environment, as ill-considered economic activities can lead to the deterioration of the ecological condition of landscape complexes both within one basin and have a negative impact on adjacent basins. Factors in the functioning of paradynamic connections are due to the presence of external and internal links, contrast and spatial dependence between the interacting landscapes complexes. External anthropogenic paradynamic connections include: thermal – the effect of solar radiation on the landscape; mechanical – gravitational influence of watersheds on the low-lying channel-floodplain complex; aquatic – the influence of surface and groundwater on the supply of rivers and the chemical composition of water; social – the impact of economic activity. The internal anthropogenic paradynamic connections include: biocosnic (interaction between living and nonliving matter) and biotic (biocenosis interaction between components). Scientific novelty. The study of paradynamic connections in this complex natural economic structure will provide a better understanding of the features of its functioning and decline, to develop ways of rational use and predict its further development.
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