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New chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (Ch-Cl) ion-selective electrodes (conventional type) based on ion associates, chlordiazepoxidium-phosphomolybdate (I) and chlordiazepoxidium-phosphotungstate (II), were prepared. The electrodes exhibited mean slopes of calibration graphs of 59.4 mV and 60.8 mV per decade of (Ch-Cl) concentration at 25˚C for electrodes (I) and (II), respectively. Both electrodes could be used within the concentration range 3.16 × 10 -6 -1 × 10 -2 M (Ch-Cl) within the pH range 2.0 -4.5. The standard electrode potentials were determined at different temperatures and used to calculate the isothermal coefficients of the electrodes, which were 0.00139 and 0.00093 V ˚C -1 for electrodes (I) and (II), respectively. The electrodes showed a very good selectivity for Ch-Cl with respect to the number of inorganic cations, amino acids and sugars. The electrodes were applied to the potentiometric determination of the chlordiazepoxide ion and its pharmaceutical preparation under batch and flow injection conditions. Also, chlordiazepoxide was determined by conductimetric titrations. Graphite, copper and silver coated wires were prepared and characterized as sensors for the drug under investigation.

New cetirizinium (Cet) ion selective PVC membrane electrodes of both conventional and coated graphite types based on the ion-pair of cetirizine with tetraphenylborate are prepared. Both electrodes exhibited a mean calibration plot slope of 66.8 mVy (Cet) Outside the working pH-ranges, the potential value decreases due to formation of diprotonated species on the acidic side and to formation of the free base on the alkaline side. The standard electrode potentials are determined at different temperatures and used to calculate the isothermal coef®cient of the electrode (0.000875 Vy C). The electrode shows a very good selectivity for Cet-HCl 2 with respect to a large number of inorganic cations and sugars where selectivity coef®cients ranging between 7.0610 À5 and 3.1610 À3 were obtained. The standard addition method is successfully applied to determine Cet-HCl 2 in pure solutions and in cetirizine dihydrochloride-containing tablets.

New amineptine hydrochloride (Am-Cl) ion-selective electrodes (conventional type) based on amineptinium-tetraphenylborate (I) and amineptiniumphosphomolybdate (II) were prepared. The electrodes exhibited mean slopes of calibration graphs of 57.9 mV and 53.8 mV per decade of (Am-Cl) concentration at 25 C for electrodes (I) and (II), respectively. The electrodes can be used within the concentration range 3.16Â10 À5 À10 À2 M (Am-Cl) at a pH range of 2.0±3.9 for both electrodes. The standard electrode potentials were determined at different temperatures and used to calculate the isothermal coef®cients of the electrodes, which were 0.00172 V C À1 and 0.00091 V C À1 for (I) and (II) electrodes, respectively. The electrodes showed a very good selectivity for (Am-Cl) with respect to a number of inorganic cations and sugars. The standard addition method is successfully applied to determine (Am-Cl) in pure solutions and in amineptine-containing tablets.

We report usefulness of ultrasound used as an adjunct diagnostic tool to mammogram in routine annual checkup for women breasts of certain ages and breast mass. The purpose of breast imaging is to detect areas of tissue distortion and breast cancers. A mammogram is the common diagnostic imaging modality used to find breast diseases but sometimes the mammogram might not give the doctor enough information especially in women with dense breasts. As a result, the patient may be asked to undergo ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging as a better mean of judgment to the case. Because ultrasound is widely used, simple and safe to patients we were encouraged to emphasis on exploring its role adjunct to mammogram. A retrospective observation study was done at the diagnostic radiology department at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in the period from January 2012 to June 2012; we covered all women with dense breasts in mammography and ultrasound units. The study group was 40 patients. All patients were imaged with both mammography and ultrasound. The statistical measures of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated using the SPSS program. The results we obtained suggest that age and the physical density of breast potentially affect mammogram images of women with 41 years or smaller with sensitivity 66% and specificity 68%. Therefore, we recommend using ultrasound alongside the mammogram in women with dense breast for better diagnosis of small cancers that were not identified on mammography or clinical breast examination alone.

New Plastic membrane ion-selective electrode for trimetazidine dihydrochloride based on trimetazidinium-tetraphenylborate was prepared. The electrode exhibited mean calibration graph slope of 29.5 mV per decade of (TrimCl2) concentration at 25°C. The electrode can be used within the concentration range 3.2×10-5-10-2 M (TrimCl2) at pH ranges of 1.5-3.8 and 4.5-7.5. The standard electrode potentials were determined at different temperatures and used to calculate the isothermal coefficient of the electrode, which was (0.00088 V°C-1). The electrode showed a very good selectivity for (TrimCl2) with respect to a number of inorganic cations, sugars and amino acids. The electrode was applied to the potentiometric determination of the trimetazidine ion and its pharmaceutical preparation under batch and flow injection conditions. Graphite coated wire was prepared and characterized as sensor for the drug under investigation. Also, trimetazidine was determined by conductimetric titrations.

MRI is an excellent option for detection of breast cancer for some selected groups, including those patients with a high probability to hit the disease. However, the high costs and low availability of the device have led to a decline in the application of imaging MRI. The aim of this study was to review usefulness of MRI as a new complementary way to detect breast cancer in routine annual checkup for women breasts of certain ages and breast mass. A cross-sectional Descriptive MRI study was performed on 105 asymptomatic women with a mean age of 49 years. The study group with at least one risk factor of breast cancer were presenting for routine annual screening or follow up at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah. It has been found that, 48 patients had biopsy, they were recommended by magnetic resonance imaging and only 14 had positive results, while magnetic resonance imaging suggested 16 and mammography had 62 positive results. Magnetic resonance imaging is not recommended for the average-risk or the general population either; it had been advised for screening the high-risk women of breast cancer. Sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has been found to be much higher than of mammography but specificity was generally lower. We propose that it is reasonable to consider MRI as a complement to mammography in screening patients who were at high risk for breast cancer because Magnetic Resonance Imaging can detect small foci that are occult in mammography but we don't advise to check with the general population.

Viral marketing has become a conduit for today's organizations and an important pillar for managing the organization and a source that enhances its competitiveness and creates new opportunities for organizations through which they are trying to achieve competitive advantages to obtain new market shares. So, this study provides insight into how social network influence on purchasing decision through viral marketing and knowledge sharing on social networking sites (SNSs). By using the sample from 650 Egyptian college students - who spend more time on SNSs, this study investigates the relationship among the use of SNSs, users' social relationships, online word-of-mouth, and knowledge sharing. Therefore, this paper is working on the study of the impact of viral marketing through social networks on consumer buying decisions, and working on the development of a proposed model to measure this effect.