(Frandsen, 1958), 0 85% in a rural and urban community in West Finland (Peltonen et al.,
Federal government databases recording officer-involved shooting fatalities are incomplete and unreliable. Voluntary reporting to the Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR), the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), and the Arrest-Related Death Program (ARDP) are subject to underreporting and classification errors. The same shortcomings apply to statewide reporting in California and Texas, the only states with mandatory reporting requirements. Content analysis of open source records identified officer-involved shooting fatalities that occurred in the United States from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2015. Those data were compared with data from the government databases. Analysis revealed 7,869 officer-involved shooting fatalities, an average increase of 51.8 incidents per year. Fatalities increased from 594 in 2006 to 1,007 in 2015—an increase of 69.5% in 10 years. Government data sources reported a low of 46.0% of incidents to a high of 75.3%, depending on the reporting year. Open source research reveals 30% to 45% more cases than official federal or state databases and can reveal much more data about other critical questions. The history of federal program efforts suggests it is unlikely that government recording of data on officer-involved shooting fatalities will improve. Government reporting programs have produced decreasingly effective results. Current web-based data collection efforts suffer from many of the same limitations exhibited in the federal programs. One promising option for improved data collection includes funding an independent party, such as a university, to collect data from open sources and supplement that data with public records requests and the currently collected official government data.
SummaryThe incidence of a variety of clinical and immunological features of an allergic state was studied at 7, 10, and 14 years of age in a group of children suffering from one of four grades of asthma, ranging from mild s-ibclinical to severe unremitting, and compared with the incidence in a control group of non-asthmatic children. The incidence of all features of allergy was significantly higher in the asthmatics but no one feature unequivocally distinguished the asthmatics from the controls. Almost all the asthmatics showed several features of the allergic state at 14 years of age. A cluster of allergic features was a differentiating characteristic of the asthmatics, and the children with the most allergic manifestations were usually the children with the most severe and persistent asthma. The first appearance of and subsequent variation in some of the allergic manifestations often did not correspond to the clinical course of the asthma.Though many manifestations of asthma can be understood on an allergic basis the mechanism by which emotional disturbance, exercise, viral infections, and non-allergenic stimuli precipitate attacks of asthma and the relation of these factors to allergy are unknown. IntroductionIn this paper the term allergy refers to an altered immunological state of type I (immediate) hypersensitivity reaction (Gell and Coombs, 1968). The recent isolation and identification of specific reaginic antibodies (IgE) in the serum of many asthmatic children has extended knowledge of the immunology of asthma (Ishizaka and Ishizaka, 1970). Studies of mechanisms by which antigen-reaginic combinations may cause asthma and of the way these reactions can be blocked by disodium cromoglycate further point to the importance of an immunological disorder as a basic factor in asthma.Type I hypersensitivity to common grass pollens and to the house-dust mite has been claimed as an important mechanism in childhood asthma, because the high levels of specific IgE antibodies in the serum of these children show significant correlations not only with prick and provocation tests with corresponding specific allergens but also with the clinical history (Stenuis et al., 1971). But it is not clear whether all children with asthma have an underlying allergic disorder (Vries et al., 1964). There are other well-known precipitating causes of asthmatic attacks such as emotional factors, viral infection, exercise, and other non-specific stimuli.In an earlier report of this epidemiological study up to 10 years of age (Williams and McNicol, 1969) a comparison of the the incidence of a range of clinical and immunological features of allergy in children with "asthma" and children with "wheezy bronchitis" showed a similar pattern in each. This and other findings strongly suggested that the two conditions were different
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