OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to identify and characterize the barriers and motivations to physical activity (PA) for elderly adults in Iran and other countries.METHODS: We searched 6 databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Magiran, and the Scientific Information Database) from 2000 to the November 2017, using “aged 60 and over,” “physical activity” or “exercise,” and “motivator” and “barrier” as keywords. Two reviewers independently performed the search, screening, and quality assessment of the studies.RESULTS: In total, 34 papers were finally included in the study. The most important barriers, based on the frequency of factors, included physical problems, having no companions, and physical barriers to walking. The motivators included improving one’s physical condition, being social, and suitability of the physical environment.CONCLUSIONS: Important motivators and barriers to PA were more closely related to intrapersonal factors than to the interpersonal and environmental domains. The barriers and motivators to PA in the elderly were not markedly different between Iran and other countries. Therefore, a general strategy could be designed to improve PA in the elderly.

The most common routes of transmission in these outbreaks are person-to-person transmission. However, the recently published literature suggested that the COVID-19 was more contagious than previous coronavirus outbreaks, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Bai, Nie, & Wen, 2020; Li et al., 2020a; de Wit, van Doremalen, Falzarano, & Munster, 2016). The basic reproduction number (R 0), as the average number of secondary infections produced by an infected case in an entirely susceptible population (Ferguson,

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There might be an association between Internet addiction (IA) and loneliness; however, inconsistent evidence suggests that the severity of this association remains unclear. This study was conducted to assess the association between IA and loneliness. A systematic literature search was conducted in four online databases, including PubMed (MESH terms), Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Observational studies measuring the association between IA and loneliness were screened and included in this review. A meta-analysis was conducted using the Stata software. Twenty-six articles with a total sample size of 16496 subjects were included in the analysis. A moderate positive association (r = 0.15 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.16)) was found between IA and loneliness. The individuals with IA had significantly higher scores of loneliness. According to this meta-analysis, we need more attention to the early symptoms of loneliness in individuals with IA. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the temporality of this association considering adjustment for time varying confounders.