No abstract

The findings of this study support the hypothesis that higher intakes of BCAAs may have adverse effects on the development of IR.

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between micronutrient intakes and the 3.6-year incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults. This cohort study was conducted, within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, on 1692 subjects, aged ≥30 years, without CKD at the baseline. Dietary intakes were collected using a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics and biochemical measurements were taken. Chronic kidney disease was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The mean age of participants was 43.3 ± 11.4 years. In the fully adjusted model, individuals in the top quintile of folate (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.24–0.80), cobalamin (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34–0.93), vitamin C (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21–0.69), vitamin E (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.22–0.92), vitamin D (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.21–0.70), potassium (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23–0.97) and magnesium (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.22–0.76) had decreased risk of CKD, and in the top quintile of sodium (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.03–2.61), subjects had increased risk of CKD, in comparison to the bottom quintile. No significant associations were found between the intakes of other micronutrients. High intake of several micronutrients including vitamins C, E, D, cobalamin, folate, magnesium, and potassium was associated with a decreased risk, while sodium was associated with an increased risk of incident CKD.

This cohort study was conducted to examine the association of low carbohydrate diet (LCD) score with risk of incident metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components after 3.6 years of follow-up in 2044 healthy adults within framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The LCD was calculated according to intakes of carbohydrate, monounsaturated fatty acids, refined grains, vegetable protein, fiber, n3/n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio and glycemic load (GL), using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. In the final model, after adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, physical activity and energy intake, there was significant association between LCD score and fasting plasma glucose (β: -0.002, 95%CI: -0.005, -0.001), triglycerides (TGs) (β: -0.002, 95%CI: -0.004, -0.001), BP (β: -0.001, 95%CI: -0.002, 0.000), WC-BMI (β: -0.003, 95%CI: -0.005, -0.001) and MetS risk Z-scores (β: -0.015, 95%CI: -0.021, -0.002). In conclusion, LCD may be associated with a decreased risk of MetS and its components in adults.

Purpose Data on relationship between dietary intake of sodium and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk are scarce. This paper aims to find the possible association between sodium intake and NAFLD. Design/methodology/approach This is a case-control study on NAFLD patients proven by a gastroenterologist using Fibroscan, and age-matched controls. Dietary intakes were assessed using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Findings In the multivariable-adjusted model, after adjustment for potential confounding variables, participants in the highest tertile of sodium intake had a greater risk of developing NAFLD (OR= 2.42; 95% CI: 1.13–5.15) compared to those in the lowest tertile of sodium intake (p-value = 0.023). In sub-analysis, subjects with BMI ≥ 25 in the third tertile of sodium intake had higher risk of NAFLD compared to those in the lowest tertile of sodium intake [(OR: 3.95; 95% CI: 1.75–8.90), (p-value = 0.001)]. However, no significant association was found between tertiles of energy-adjusted daily sodium intake and NAFLD prevalence risk in participants with BMI < 25. Originality/value The findings revealed that higher sodium intake is related with a higher prevalence of NAFLD, an association that can be partly mediated through obesity.

The current study aimed at investigating the association between Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and odds of obesity phenotypes, is a cross sectional study conducted on 3218 Iranian overweight or obese participants (BMI >25 kg/m2), aged ≥20 years, who participated in the fourth phase (2009–2011) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Using a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire, DASH diet scores between 8 and 40 points were determined. Obesity phenotypes including metabolic unhealthy obesity (MUHO) and metabolic healthy obesity (MHO) were defined using criteria of the Joint International statement(JIS) for metabolic syndrome. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) for obesity phenotypes according to the tertiles of the DASH diet. Mean ± SD age of participants (43.5% male) was 39.2 ± 9.5 years and median (25–75 interquartile range) DASH diet score was 24 (21–27); percentages of MHO and MUHO subjects were 33.4 and 66.6%, respectively. In the multivariable adjusted model, after controlling for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, socioeconomic status, and energy intake, participants in the highest tertile of DASH diet had lower odds of MUHO (OR:0.79;95%CI:0.64–0.98), in comparison to those in the lowest one (P for trend = 0.040). Our findings indicate that adherence to DASH diet may be favourable in prevention of metabolic abnormalities in overweight and obese individuals.

Micronutrient deficiencies, including vitamin D, vitamin B12, and iron, are commonly found among morbidly obese subjects who are potential candidates of bariatric surgery.

Background We aim to assess the association of empirical dietary (EDIH) and lifestyle (ELIH) index for hyperinsulinemia with the risk of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell dysfunction in Iranian adults. Methods In this prospective study, a total of 1244 men and women aged ≥ 20 years were selected among participants of the Tehran lipid and glucose study and followed for 3.2 years. Dietary intakes were assessed using a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary and lifestyle insulinemic potential indices were calculated using dietary intake, body mass index, and physical activity information. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the associated risk of a 3-year incidence of insulin-related disorders. Results The mean ± SD age and BMI of all eligible participants (42.7% males) were 43.0 ± 13.0 and 27.4 ± 4.9 in the study's baseline. After adjusting for all potential confounders, participants in the highest tertile of ELIH score had a greater risk of developing hyperinsulinemia (OR:2.42, 95%CI:1.52–3.86, P for trend =  < 0.001), insulin resistance (OR:2.71, 95%CI:1.75–4.18, P for trend =  < 0.001) and insulin insensitivity (OR:2.65, 95%CI: 1.72–4.10, P for trend =  < 0.001) compared with those in the lowest tertile. However, the risk of incident β-cell dysfunction was lower in individuals with a higher score of ELIH in comparison to those with the lowest score (OR:0.30, 95%CI:0.19–0.45, P for trend =  < 0.001). Conclusions Empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia was directly associated with insulin resistance, insulin insensitivity, and hyperinsulinemia and was inversely associated with β-cells dysfunction.