Background: Enteric fever is endemic in India. Trends in antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates over the past 12 years were studied. Methods: A retrospective analysis of consecutive blood culture isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A was performed from 2002 to 2013. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out for ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid (NA), ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone by disc diffusion. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin and azithromycin was determined using E-test strips. Mantel-Haenszel extended chi-square test was used for analysis of trends across years. Results: Three thousand two hundred ninety-six Salmonella spp. were isolated; of which, 1905 were identified as Salmonella Typhi (58%) and 1393 as Salmonella Paratyphi A (42%). Multidrug resistance (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole) was relatively stable throughout the study period. NA resistance increased from 18% in 2007 to 100% in 2013 among Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates and from 67% to 82% among Salmonella Typhi isolates. Complete susceptibility to ceftriaxone and azithromycin was observed in this study. Conclusions: Knowledge of the local patterns of resistance would help in appropriate therapy for enteric fever. With increasing rates of fluoroquinolone resistance in our hospital setting, it is probably prudent to revert back to the first-line agents for treatment and save azithromycin and third-generation cephalosporins for difficult and non-responsive cases.
INTRODUCTION: Leukorrhoea develops due to physiological and pathological conditions among women of reproductive age.Due to its
presentation, determining the source and cause of discharge is crucial, therefore, differential diagnosis and microbiological prole would aid in its
management.
AIM: To identify etiological agents and estimate their proportions in leucorrhoea among women of reproductive age for better treatment of genital
tract infection.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted at the OBG Department of a tertiary medical hospital from January 2018 to
December 2018. Vaginal swabs were collected sterilely from 152 patients complaining of abnormal vaginal discharge or any other associated
ailment. Samples were processed for culture as per standard recommendations. Bacterial vaginosis(BV)was diagnosed by clinical composite
criteria (Amsel's criteria) and Gram stain (Nugent's score).
RESULTS: Among the 152 patients, infectious etiology was observed in 65.8%, normal ora in 28.9% & no growth in 5.3% in culture media. BV
(44%) had higher prevalence followed by Candidiasis (26%) and Trichomoniasis (2%). Amsel's criteria identied 28.9% of BV compared to
Nugent's criteria (25%).A considerable increase in non-albicans Candida species (53.8%) was observed compared to Candia albicans(46.2%).
Other organisms isolated included, Acinetobacter spp. (3.6%), Pseudomonas spp. (14.3%), E. coli (39.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.7%),
MSSA (10.7%), Enterococcus spp. (21.4%).
CONCLUSION:Bacterial vaginosis was the prominent cause of infection in leukorrhoea among the women of reproductive age. Timely
diagnosis and appropriate management avert serious complications and risks of ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and abdominal
discomfort.
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