This paper examines the patterns of knowledge flow from European Union countries, Japan and the United States to a selection of emerging countries from Latin America and Asia in the pharmaceutical industry, using patent citation as an indicator. A knowledge diffusion model was estimated with data based on USPTO patents granted to resident and non-resident holders in this technological field. Technological proximity of Latin American and Asian countries vis-à-vis the United States was found to be lower due to the fact that the quantity of citable patents is much greater than that coming from the European Union and Japan. Even though geographically Mexico is the closest country to the Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.cya.unam.mx/index.php/cya Contaduría y Administración 60 (S1) 31-56
New marketing strategies and growing technological advances have not been ignored by large and even medium-sized companies. This context, in turn, has allowed some companies to make the decision to introduce their own brands in the market. In this scenario, augmented reality (AR) is a technology that allows virtual reality to be added to a real physical environment, which makes it a novel tool for discovering new uses, forms and habits of consumption. Through the AR, the aim is to surprise the client and obtain their complete attention and interest. Of course, the main objective of AR sales is to awaken the consumer's desire and then motivate them to purchase the final product that they have already visualized through an app (usually through a mobile phone). This approach, without a doubt, originates a novel marketing strategy and very few companies currently use or know, since they assume that their cost is high, which is not necessarily the case.
The goal of the project is to analyze the effect of the hydrological policy on the technological change of infrastructure for the treatment of sewage waters in Distrito Federal on the lapse time from 1970 to 2010, specifically on the Cerro de la Estrella plant. On this case, the hypothesis that environmental regulations generate positive effects on the technological development and favour the innovation has not been met. The plant of study has an obsolete infrastructure, centered on the efficiency on the treatment of sewage waters for the recovery of water of industrial use and on not developing technologies
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