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Introduction Several studies have questioned the diagnostic utility of interleukins (IL) in detecting acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric population. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the diagnostic value of ILs in pediatric AKI patients. Method Two independent researchers screened records acquired through searching in Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, until the end of 2020. Articles evaluating serum and urinary levels of ILs in AKI patients were included in this study. Data were extracted and analyzed using STATA software. Results Twenty-one studies were included. Analyses showed that AUC, sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio of urinary IL-18 for diagnosing AKI were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.81), 0.64 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.87), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.85) and 6 (95% CI: 1, 23), respectively. Those values were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.83), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.76), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.96), and 9 (95% CI: 4, 20) for serum IL-6, and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.76), 0.53 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.72), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.91) and 4 (95% CI: 2, 8) for serum IL-8, respectively. Urinary levels of ILs 6, 8 and 10 were not significantly different between AKI patients and the non-AKI control group. Serum levels of ILs 10 and 18 were not adequately evaluated in the studies. Conclusion IL-18 urinary levels and IL-6 and IL-8 serum levels are significantly higher in AKI patients compared to the non-AKI group. However, their low sensitivity and specificity in detecting AKI questions their diagnostic value.

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of implantation of a new continuous corneal ring in keratoconic corneas of an Iranian population.Methods: This study was conducted on 95 contact lens-intolerant keratoconic eyes with clear central corneas. A continuous corneal ring, annular intrastromal corneal inlay (AICI), was inserted using femtosecond laser in all cases. Patients were followed up for 1, 3, and 12 months postsurgery. Visual and subjective refractive outcomes were evaluated in each examination. Besides, keratometry and aberrometric values were recorded before and 12 months after surgery. Finally, vector analysis of refractive astigmatism was performed using the Alpins method. Results:The uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuities improved significantly 12 months after surgery from 0.91 6 0.39 to 0.38 6 0.22 (P , 0 0.001) and 0.33 6 0.21 to 0.13 6 0.11 logMAR (P , 0.001), respectively. Moreover, spherical and cylindrical refractive components reduced from 22.52 6 2.62 to 20.76 6 1.78 D (P , 0.001) and 24.14 6 1.64 to 21.91 6 1.18 D (P , 0.001), respectively. The mean anterior keratometry had a significant reduction 12 months after AICI insertion (P, 0.001). Primary coma and spherical aberration values showed a significant increase (both, P , 0.05). Our results showed 100% safety (safety index: 1.8) and 45% efficacy (efficacy index: 1).Conclusions: AICI implantation seemed to be a safe and effective procedure for improving visual acuity and refractive outcomes in subjects with keratoconus.