Purpose
The design and optimization of centrifugal blood pumps are crucial for improved extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system performance. Secondary flow passages are common in centrifugal blood pumps, allowing for a high volume of unstable flow. Traditional design theory offers minimal guidance on the design and optimization of centrifugal blood pumps, so it's critical to understand how design parameter variables affect hydraulic performance and hemocompatibility.
Methods
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to investigate the effects of blade number, blade wrap angle, blade thickness, and splitters on pressure head, hemolysis, and platelet activation state. Eulerian and Lagrangian features were used to analyze the flow fields and hemocompatibility metrics such as scalar shear stress, velocity distribution, and their correlation.
Results
The equalization of frictional and flow losses allow impellers with more blades and smaller wrap angles to have higher pressure heads, whereas the trade‐off between the volume of high scalar shear stress and exposure time allows impellers with fewer blades and larger blade wrap angles to have a lower HI; there are configurations that increase the possibility of platelet activation for both number of blades and wrap angles. The hydraulic performance and hemocompatibility of centrifugal blood pumps are not affected by blade thickness. Compared to the main blades, splitters can improve the blood compatibility of a centrifugal blood pump with a small reduction in pressure head, but there is a trade‐off between the length and location of the splitter that suppresses flow losses while reducing the velocity gradient. According to correlation analysis, pressure head, HI, and the volume of high shear stress were all substantially connected, and exposure time had a significant impact on HI. The platelet activation state was influenced by the average scalar shear stress and the volume of low velocity.
Conclusion
The findings reveal the impact of design variables on the performance of centrifugal blood pumps with secondary flow passages, as well as the relationship between hemocompatibility, hydraulic performance, and flow characteristics, and are useful for the design and optimization of this type of blood pump, as well as the prediction of clinical complications.
Geometrically symmetric and electrically asymmetric discharges operating at 13.56 MHz and 27.12 MHz with variable phase angle between the harmonics are simulated by a one-dimensional implicit particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model in argon at a pressure of 30 mTorr. The amplitude of each of the harmonics is chosen to be 150 V. The magnetic fields, with strengths of 10 G and 100 G, are parallel to the electrodes and homogeneous throughout the entire electrode gap in a direction perpendicular to the electrodes. It is found that, with a weaker magnetic field at 10 G, the plasma density is nearly doubled and the self-bias is almost unaffected. However, with a stronger magnetic field at 100 G, the plasma density is significantly increased and nearly independent of the phase angle, but at the cost of decreasing the self-bias, which results in a smaller adjustable range of ion bombardment energy. In general, we have demonstrated that an external magnetic field will expand the operational parameter spaces and thus may promote some related applications in coupled plasma sources with electrical asymmetry effects.
The momentum spectrum of multiphoton-created electrons in the presence of a a static potential well as well as an alternating field is found to be related to the electron energy levels in the potential well and the energy of the photons. A simple relation among three energies, the created electron energy associated with the momentum distribution, the level energy of the electron bound state, and the photon energy, is obtained. Pair production can be significantly enhanced by this two-field configuration. In this case, the depth of the static potential well and the frequency of the alternating field also need not be supercritical.
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