Monodisperse Cu2O of different microstructures, such as cubes, flower-like, and microspheres, have been extensively synthesized by a simple polyol reduction method using different copper salts, i.e. (Cu(acac)2, Cu(OH)2, and Cu(Ac)2·H2O). The effects of copper salts on the morphology of Cu2O were investigated in details through various characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The effects of morphology on the electrochemical properties were further studied. Among the different structures, Cu2O with the microspheric morphology shows the highest specific capacitance and the best cycling stability compared with those of the other two structures, thus bear larger volume charge during the electrochemical reaction due to the microspheres of small nanoparticles.
The effects of electric field polarizations on pair production from a vacuum are investigated numerically by employing the real-time Dirac-Heisenberg-Wigner formalism. For few-cycle fields, it is found that the interference pattern in momentum spectra is absent and the circular distortion of momentum distribution becomes more apparent with the increase of polarization. For multicycle fields, it is found that the interference effects in momentum spectra are obvious. And as the polarization increases, the momentum distribution is split into two parts in the momentum q y direction first and then two separated parts are connected into a ring. The effects of polarizations on the number density of created particles exhibits two different characteristics. For a small laser frequency, the particle number density deceases with the polarization, while for a large laser frequency, the relation between them is sensitive to the field frequency nonlinearly. Some interpretations for the obtained results in this study, which is expected to be valuable to deepen the understanding of pair production in complex fields and also helpful for the study associated to strong-field ionization.
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