Molecular annotated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are useful for the preclinical investigation of anticancer drugs and individualized anticancer therapy. We established 23 PDXs from 88 surgical specimens of lung cancer patients and determined gene mutations in these PDXs and their paired primary tumors by ultradeep exome sequencing on 202 cancer-related genes. The numbers of primary tumors with deleterious mutations in TP53, KRAS, PI3KCA, ALK, STK11, and EGFR were 43.5%, 21.7%, 17.4%, 17.4%, 13.0%, and 8.7%, respectively. Other genes with deleterious mutations in ≥3 (13.0%) primary tumors were MLL3, SETD2, ATM, ARID1A, CRIPAK, HGF, BAI3, EP300, KDR, PDGRRA and RUNX1. Of 315 mutations detected in the primary tumors, 293 (93%) were also detected in their corresponding PDXs, indicating that PDXs have the capacity to recapitulate the mutations in primary tumors. Nevertheless, a substantial number of mutations had higher allele frequencies in the PDXs than in the primary tumors, or were not detectable in the primary tumor, suggesting the possibility of tumor cell enrichment in PDXs or heterogeneity in the primary tumors. The molecularly annotated PDXs generated from this study could be useful for future translational studies.

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Edited by W. EllmeierKeywords: ILT4 B7-H3 PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling Non-small cell lung cancer a b s t r a c t Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 4 is critical for the inhibitory function of certain immune cells. We previously demonstrated that ILT4 is over-expressed in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and is involved in tumour evasion via an unknown mechanism. In this report, we demonstrate that ILT4 increases the expression of the co-inhibitory molecule B7-H3 through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling. In primary human NSCLC tissues, a significant positive relationship is observed between ILT4 and B7-H3 expression. ILT4/B7-H3 co-expression is significantly associated with a reduction in T infiltrating lymphoid cells and lower overall survival. In summary, ILT4 increases B7-H3 expression and ILT4/B7-H3 co-expression may be involved in NSCLC progression.

The Li–O2 battery (LOB) represents a promising candidate for future electric vehicles owing to its outstanding energy density. However, the practical application of LOB cells is largely blocked by the poor cycling performance of cathode materials. Herein, an ultralong 440‐cycle life of an LOB cell is achieved using CeO2 nanocubes super‐assembled on an inverse opal carbon matrix as the cathode material without any additives. CeO2 is proved to be effective for the complete and sensitive decomposition of loosely stacked Li2O2 films during the oxygen evolution reaction process and full accommodation of volume changes caused by the fast growth of Li2O2 films during the oxygen reduction reaction process. The super‐assembled porous CeO2/C frameworks satisfy critical requirements including controlled size, morphology, high Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio, and efficient volume change accommodation, which dramatically increase the cycle life of LOB cell to 440 cycles. This study reveals the design strategy for high performance CeO2 catalyst cathodes for LOB cells and the generation mechanisms of Li2O2 films during the discharge process by using density functional theory calculations, showing new avenues for improving the future smart design of CeO2‐based cathode catalysts for Li–O2 batteries.