The tin oxide (SnO2) electron transport layer (ETL) plays a crucial role in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the heterogeneous dispersion of commercial SnO2 colloidal precursors is far from optimized, resulting in dissatisfied device performance with SnO2 ETL. Herein, a multifunctional modification material, ammonium citrate (TAC), is used to modify the SnO2 ETL, bringing four benefits: (1) due to the electrostatic interaction between TAC molecules and SnO2 colloidal particles, more uniformly dispersed colloidal particles are obtained; (2) the TAC molecules distributed on the surface of SnO2 provide nucleation sites for the perovskite film growth, promoting the vertical growth of the perovskite crystal; (3) TAC-doped SnO2 shows higher electron conductivity and better film quality than pristine SnO2 while offering better energy-level alignment with the perovskite layer; and (4) TAC has functional groups of CO and N–H containing lone pair electrons, which can passivate the defects on the surface of SnO2 and perovskite films through chemical bonding and inhibit the device hysteresis. In the end, the device based on TAC-doped ETL achieved an increased power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.58 from 19.75% of the reference without such treatment. Meanwhile, the PSCs using the TAC-doped SnO2 as the ETL maintained 88% of their initial PCE after being stored for about 1000 h under dark conditions and controlled RH of 10–25%.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used as hole transport layer (HTL) because of its excellent hole transport capability and simple preparation process in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). According to...

NiOx as a sort of inorganic hole transporting layer (HTL) material in narrow bandgap perovskite solar cells (NBG PSCs) showed an exceptional stability but suffered a considerably poorer performance compared...

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit great potential for industrial application thanks to their low complexity and low fabrication temperature. Aiming at commercial applications, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the material consumption and its corresponding electrical performance. Here, a simple strategy has been proposed to obtain inverted PSCs with comprehensive performance, that is, reaching an acceptable electrical performance by reducing the usage of perovskite. More precisely, the inverted PSCs, whose perovskite film is prepared by 1.0 M precursor, yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.50%, fulfilling the requirement for real commercial application. In addition, the thickness of the electron transport layer (C60 in this work) in the above inverted PSCs was further optimized by comparing the simulated absorption spectrum, J-V characteristics and impedance with three different thicknesses of C60 layer. More excitingly, the optimized device displays high storage stability which maintains more than 90% of its initial PCE for 28 days. Therefore, our work provides a simple and cost-effective method to reach good comprehensive performance of inverted PSCs for commercial applications.

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