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A series of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (ChCl-DESs) were synthesized and characterized, and their performance in the dissolution of cellulose was investigated. The hydrogen-bond donors significantly (β-value) affected the properties of ChCl-DESs, causing differentiated dissolution performances. ChCl-imidazole (Im) showed the highest Hammett acidity function (1.869), hydrogen bond basicity (0.864), and dipolarity/polarizability effect (0.382) among the ChCl-DESs. The ChCl-Im showed the lowest pseudo-activation energy for viscous flow (31.76 kJ mol -1 ) among the ChCl-DESs. The properties of ChCl-Im caused the highest solubility of cellulose (2.48 wt.%) relative to the other ChClDESs. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), as a co-solvent, significantly (β-value) enhanced the accessibility of ChCl-Im to cellulose by breaking the supramolecular structure of cellulose, promoting its dissolution. The decrystallization of ChCl-Im-coupled PEG approximately doubled the dissolving capabilities, and the solubility increased by more than 80% in comparison with only ChCl-Im. The cellulose was directly dissolved by ChCl-Im-coupled PEG, and no other derivatives were produced.

Owing to the insolubility of the binary phase system for oxidative desulfurization, a formic acid/H2O2 system with quaternary ammonium salts as phase-transfer catalysts was employed in the oxidation of thiophene. Four catalytic systems with ultrasound were carried out, tetrabutyl ammonium bromide behaved as the optimum active catalyst, and the desulfurization rate was 94.67%. Dispersion of phase-transfer catalyst between the organic and aqueous phases was related to the extraction constant. When the amount of catalyst exceeded 0.0019 mol L-1, quaternary ammonium salts would serve well to transfer the polar substance of oxidant [HCOOO-] to the nonpolar environment of the organic phase. In the transfer process, complexation [HCOOO−Q−X] resulted from the interaction of oxidant and phase-transfer catalyst, which could decrease the polarity of the oxidant and the apparent activation energy. With the extractive equilibrium and oxidative reaction, a dynamic model was developed. From the study of kinetics, it could be shown that the reaction order was pseudo-first-order.

We derive the second-order oriented partial-differential equations (PDEs) for denoising in electronic-speckle-pattern interferometry fringe patterns from two points of view. The first is based on variational methods, and the second is based on controlling diffusion direction. Our oriented PDE models make the diffusion along only the fringe orientation. The main advantage of our filtering method, based on oriented PDE models, is that it is very easy to implement compared with the published filtering methods along the fringe orientation. We demonstrate the performance of our oriented PDE models via application to two computer-simulated and experimentally obtained speckle fringes and compare with related PDE models.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer attractive options for the "green" dissolution of cellulose. However, the protic hydroxyl group causes weak dissolving ability of DESs, requiring the substitution of hydroxyl groups in the cation. In this study, a novel allyl-functionalized DES was synthesized and characterized, and its possible effect on improved dissolution of cellulose was investigated.

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