IMPORTANCE Thyroid cancer is the most pervasive endocrine cancer worldwide. Studies examining the association between thyroid cancer and country, sex, age, sociodemographic index (SDI), and other factors are lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine the thyroid cancer burden and variation trends at the global, regional, and national levels using data on sex, age, and SDI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSIn this cross-sectional study, epidemiologic data were gathered using the Global Health Data Exchange query tool, covering persons of all ages with thyroid cancer in 195 countries and 21 regions from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2017; data analysis was completed on October 1, 2019. All participants met the Global Burden of Disease Study inclusion criteria. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcomes included incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of thyroid cancer. Measures were stratified by sex, region, country, age, and SDI.The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) and age-standardized rates were calculated to evaluate the temporal trends. RESULTSIncreases of thyroid cancer were noted in incident cases (169%), deaths (87%), and DALYs (75%). Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) showed an upward trend over time, with an EAPC of 1.59 (95% CI, 1.51-1.67); decreases were noted in EAPCs of age-standardized death rate (−0.15; 95% CI, −0.19 to −0.12) and age-standardized DALY rate (−0.11; 95% CI, −0.15 to −0.08). Almost half (41.73% for incidence, 50.92% for deaths, and 54.39% for DALYs) of the thyroid cancer burden was noted in Southern and Eastern Asia. In addition, females accounted for most of the thyroid cancer burden (70.22% for incidence, 58.39% for deaths, and 58.68% for DALYs) and increased by years in this population, although the ASIR of males with thyroid cancer (EAPC, 2.18; 95% CI, 2.07-2.28) increased faster than that of females (EAPC, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.30-1.46). A third (34%) of patients with thyroid cancer resided in countries with a high SDI, and most patients were aged 50 to 69 years, which was older than the age in other quintiles (high SDI quintile compared with all other quintiles, P<.05). The most common age at onset of thyroid cancer worldwide was 15 to 49 years in female individuals compared with 50 to 69 years in male individuals (P<.05). Death from thyroid cancer was concentrated in participants aged 70 years or older and increased by years (average annual percentage change, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.21; P<.05). Furthermore, people in lower SDI quintiles developed thyroid cancer and died from it earlier than those in other quintiles (high and high-middle SDI vs low and low-middle SDI, P<.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEData from this study suggest considerable heterogeneity in the epidemiologic patterns of thyroid cancer across sex, age, SDI, region, and country, providing Key Points Question What were the epidemiologic patterns and variation in the trends of thyroid cancer worldwide from 1990 to 2017? Findings In this cross-sectional study covering data on incidence, deaths, and disabi...
Cross-linked polybenzimidazole membranes were obtained by heating at 160 C, using 4,4 0diglycidyl(3,3 0 ,5,5 0 -tetramethylbiphenyl) epoxy resin (TMBP) as the cross-linker. The cross-linking reaction temperature was determined by DSC and the successful completion of the cross-linking reaction was shown by FTIR and solubility tests. The cross-linked membranes showed high proton conductivity and strong mechanical properties, as well as low swelling after immersion in 85% phosphoric acid at 90 C. For instance, the membrane with a cross-linker content weight percent of 20% (PBI-TMBP 20%) with a PA doping level of 4.1 exhibited a proton conductivity of 0.010 S cm À1 and a low swelling volume of 50%. Moreover, the cross-linked membranes showed excellent oxidative stability. The PBI-TMBP 20% cross-linked membrane tested in Fenton's reagent (3% H 2 O 2 solution, 4 ppm Fe 2+ , 70 C) kept its shape for more than 480 h and did not break. In particular, the proton conductivity of the PA-PBI-TMBP 20% membrane after Fenton's test (30% H 2 O 2 , 20 ppm Fe 2+ , 85 C) remained at a high level of 0.009 S cm À1 . This investigation proved that cross-linking is a very effective approach for improving the performance of proton exchange membranes.
Curcumin has shown protective potential on osteoarthritis. However, its effect on treatment of osteoarthritis remains elusive so far. This study aimed to determine whether curcumin could ameliorate osteoarthritis in vivo and the underline mechanisms. The mice subjected to destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery were administered curcumin. Cartilage integrity was evaluated by immunohistological staining. Expression levels of inflammatory cytokines from mice arthrodial cartilage were detected. THP-1 cells were primed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ATP to induce inflammation, followed by the addition of curcumin. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines was also detected. Moreover, the expression of pro-caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, and NLRP3 inflammasome was examined. Administration of curcumin significantly reduced osteoarthritis disease progression in DMM model of osteoarthritis. Curcumin suppressed mRNA expression of proinflammatory mediators in arthrodial cartilage of mice subjected to surgery. In LPS- and ATP-induced THP-1 macrophage cells, curcumin significantly suppressed the expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at both RNA and protein levels. Compared to vehicle-treated controls, curcumin also showed remarkably increased pro-caspase-1 and decreased cleaved caspase-1. This study provides the first evidence that curcumin exerts protection on osteoarthritis by inhibition to the release of inflammasome NLRP3, leading to the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines.
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