Figulus binodulus Waterhouse is a small stag beetle distributed in East Asia. We determined the first mitochondrial genome of F. binodulus of which is 16,261-bp long including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single large noncoding region of 1,717 bp. Gene order of F. binodulus is identical to the ancestral insect mitochondrial gene order as in most other stag beetle species. All of 22 tRNAs could be shaped into typical clover-leaf structure except trnSer1. Comparative analyses of 21 Lucanidae mitochondrial genomes was conducted in aspect of their length and AT-GC ratio. Nucleotide diversities analyses provide that cox1 and cox2 in Lucanidae are less diverse than those of Scarabaeoidea. Fifty simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified on F. binodulus mitochondrial genome. Comparative analysis of SSRs among five mitochondrial genomes displayed similar trend along with SSR types. Figulus binodulus was sister to all other available family Lucanidae species in the phylogenetic tree.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda , is a serious pest in large numbers on more than 350 plant species in the world. We have determined a 15,388 bp mitogenome of S. frugiperda which includes 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNAs. The base composition was AT-biased (81.3%). Phylogenetic trees present that Korean S. frugiperda placed in basal position of S. frugiperda clade. S. frugiperda mitochondrial genome can be used for understanding recent active migration of S. frugiperda .

Coffea arabica L. taking 70% of world coffee production is also used as an ornamental species. One imported coffee tree from Indonesia near to thirty years ago of which leaf is wrinkled (named as IN1) was chosen to know its genetic background. Here, we presented complete chloroplast genome of Coffea arabica IN1 which is 155,277 bp long and has four subregions: 85,248 bp of large single copy (LSC) and 18,137 bp of small single copy (SSC) regions are separated by 25,946 bp of inverted repeat (IR) regions including 131 genes (86 protein-coding genes, eight rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs). The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome is 37.4% and those in the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 35.4%, 31.3%, and 43.0%, respectively. In comparison to three available coffee chloroplast genomes, 84 bp insertion on IN1 chloroplast genome is found, which is big differences in comparison to other available coffee chloroplast genomes. Even though relatively low number of sequence variations on coffee chloroplast genomes, these results can be used as a corner stone for establishing molecular markers to identify its origin or cultivars. ARTICLE HISTORY

We have determined the mitochondrial genome of Chilo suppressalis (Walker, 1863) collected in Korea. The circular mitogenome of C. suppressalis was 15,341 bp including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single large non-coding region of 622 bp. The base composition was AT-biased (93.6%). Through alignment of three C. suppresalis mitochondrial genomes, 79 single nucleotide polymorphisms (8.8%) and 291 insertions and deletions (33.3%) are identified as Korean C. suppressalis specific variations. Phylogenetic trees present that three mitochondrial genomes of C. suppressalis have enough variations within a species, which can be a candidate to understand its origin and geographical distribution using molecular marker sequences.

Aphid gosypii Glover, 1877 is a widely recognized economically important aphid species in the world. We have determined mitochondrial genome of A. gossypii collected in Korean peninsula. The circular mitogenome of A. gossypii is 15,872 bp including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single control region of 627 bp. The base composition was AT-biased (83.8%). In comparison of Chinese A. gossypii mitochondrial genomes with that of Korean sample, 61 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 3 insertions and deletions were identified, presenting lower level of those of Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus, and Chilo suppresallis. ARTICLE HISTORY

Some mutations resulting in protein sequence change might be tightly related to certain human diseases by affecting its roles, such as sickle cell anemia. Until now several databases, such as PMD, OMIM and HGMD, have been developed, providing useful information about human disease-related mutation. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS) has been used for characterizing proteins in various conditions; however, there is no system in place for finding disease-related mutated proteins within the MS results. Here, a Systematical Platform for Identifying Mutated Proteins (SysPIMP; http://pimp.starflr.info/) was developed to efficiently identify human disease-related mutated proteins within MS results. SysPIMP comprises of three layers: (i) a standardized data warehouse, (ii) a pipeline layer for maintaining human disease databases and X!Tandem and BLAST and (iii) a web-based interface. From OMIM AV part, PMD and SwissProt databases, 35 497 non-redundant human disease-related mutated sequences were collected with disease information described by OMIM terms. With the interfaces to browse sequences archived in SysPIMP, X!Tandem, an open source database-search engine used to identify proteins within MS data, was integrated into SysPIMP to help support the detection of potential human disease-related mutants in MS results. In addition, together with non-redundant disease-related mutated sequences, original non-mutated sequences are also provided in SysPIMP for comparative research. Based on this system, SysPIMP will be the platform for efficiently and intensively studying human diseases caused by mutation.

Hipparchia autonoe (Esper, 1783) is a protected butterfly species found in Mt. Halla in South Korea. We have determined mitochondrial genome of H. autonoe collected in Mt. Halla. The circular mitogenome of H. autonoe is 15,300 bp long, which is shorter than previously sequenced mitogenome by 189 bp due to differences of tandem repeats. It includes 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNAs. The base composition was AT-biased (78.9%). Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms and one insertion and deletion were identified between the two individuals of H. autonoe captured in Mt. Halla, presenting enough genetic diversity of H. autonoe within population.

Aphaenogaster famelica (Smith, 1874) is a slender ant found in Korea. We have completed the mitochondrial genome of A. famelica of which length is 19,464 bp, the third longest ant mitogenome so far. It was AT-biased (GC ratio is 18.0%) and includes 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. The extra bases of A. famelica are placed in intergenic regions each between trnV-trnM and trnI-trnQ. Gene order of A. famelica is identical to other Myrmicinae ants. Phylogenetic trees show that tribe Stenammini and tribe Myrmicini are closely related. ARTICLE HISTORY