BackgroundTN is one of the most common causes of facial pain. A higher prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidities, especially depressive disorder, has been proven in patients with TN; however, a clear temporal-causal relationship between TN and specific psychiatric disorders has not been well established. We performed a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study to explore the relationship between TN and the subsequent development of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and sleep disorder.MethodsWe identified subjects who were newly diagnosed with TN between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010 in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A comparison cohort was constructed for patients without TN who were matched according to age and sex. All TN and control patients were observed until diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, death, withdrawal from the National Health Institute system, or until December 31, 2010.ResultsThe TN cohort consisted of 3273 patients, and the comparison cohort consisted of 13,092 matched control patients without TN. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and sleep disorder in subjects with TN was higher than that of the controls during the follow-up [aHR: 2.85 (95 % confidence interval: 2.11–3.85), aHR: 2.98 (95 % confidence interval: 2.12–4.18) and aHR: 2.17 (95 % confidence interval: 1.48–3.19), respectively].ConclusionsTN might increase the risk of subsequent newly diagnosed depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and sleep disorder, but not schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Additional prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.
The study aims to investigate the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and osteoporosis.We employed a retrospective cohort study design using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Our study included 2 cohorts: 4318 patients with NAFLD and 17,272 patients without NAFLD for comparison. They were matched by sex and age on the date of enrollment between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2003. The study population in both groups was observed from the enrollment date until December 31, 2013. The incidence and the risk ratios of subsequent osteoporosis were calculated separately in both cohorts. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the potential confounding variables of NAFLD on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.The eligible study participants comprised 4318 patients in the NAFLD and 17,272 in control cohorts. The median follow-up duration was 10.7 and 10.83 years in the NAFLD and control groups, respectively. The risk of new-onset osteoporosis was higher in patients with NAFLD than in the comparison cohort. In addition, the difference of the incidence of new-onset osteoporosis remained significant among the 2 cohorts in the follow-up durations of within 1 year and more than 10 years. Patients with NAFLD were 1.35 times more likely to develop subsequent osteoporosis compared with those without NAFLD (95% confidence interval = 1.20–1.53).Our finding indicates that NAFLD might increase the risk of developing new-onset osteoporosis. For earlier detection and intervention, screening for osteoporosis in patients with the NAFLD, especially those with lower income and co-morbid with diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, may be recommended.
The coexistence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease is common and causes poor prognoses. Hyperlipidemia is the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the association between hyperlipidemia and COPD remains ambiguous. This study aimed to investigate the risk of COPD development in patients with hyperlipidemia. This retrospective cohort study used information from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. We enrolled 21,790 patients with hyperlipidemia and 87,160 control patients without hyperlipidemia for comparison, with a follow-up period of over 10 years. The incidence of new-onset COPD was higher in patients with hyperlipidemia (36.14 per 1000 person-years) than in the controls (22.29 per 1000 person-years). Patients with hyperlipidemia were 1.48 times more likely to develop subsequent COPD than the controls without hyperlipidemia (95% confidence interval 1.44 to 1.53, p < 0.001) following adjustments for age, sex, and comorbidities. In addition, nephropathy, hypertension, congestive heart failure, age, and sex (female) were potential risk factors for developing COPD in patients with hyperlipidemia. Patients with hyperlipidemia may have an increased risk of developing COPD.
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