The weights and lengths of right and left bones of each pair, from 105 human skeletons from Asia, were studied.All of the long bones of the upper are heavier and longer on the right side. The left femur is heavier and longer. The right tibia and fibula are heavier while the left tibia and right fibula are longer. The right scapula is heavier and the 0 s coxae, clavicle and the bones of the hand and foot are heavier on the left side.Generally, the left bones are more variable in weight and length. The upper extremity and its individual bones manifest more asymmetry than the lower.The proximal bone of upper and lower extremities and the scapula and 0s coxae show a greater degree of asymmetry in weight than the the more distal bones.In general, the left bones have slightly higher correlations with total skeletal weight. These and the intercorrelations between right and left bones of the six pairs of long bones of the extremities are all significant and positive. The highest intercorrelations of the long bones are between right and left bones of a pair.Bilateral asymmetry in its various manifestations has long been a n interesting but baffling problem. Probably right or left handedness was recognized first, and a n early record of left handed soldiers is found in the Bible (Judges 3:15; 20:16). The study of asymmetry in the use of hand, foot and eye has received much attention in more recent years (Schaeffer, '28; Leche, '33; Jantz, '64). Jantz has a long list of pertinent references. Differences in the time of ossification of right and left bones of the hand, especially, have been noticed and studied (Flecker, '42; Noback, '44; Noback and Robertson, '51; Baer and Durkatz, '57).Asymmetry in weight and length of adult paired bones has been reported, and a few of the records are: Ingalls ('31), Schultz ('37), Trotter and Gleser ('52) and Jolicoeur ('63). These studies give references to many of the earlier reports.Much of the more recent work has been done on American bones, and especially on the lengths of the long bones of the extremities. The present series of human bones is from Asia, and so far as is known, no study of asymmetry has been reported on similar bones. Furthermore, these skeletons were so carefully prepared and so complete, even to all of the bones of the hand and foot, that it seemed worthwhile to undertake a more quantitative study than attempted in an earlier report (Lowrance and Latimer, '57) in which merely the percentages of heavier or longer bones were given. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe description of these skeletons and their preparation have been given (Lowrance and Latimer, '57 and '58) and need not be repeated here. Each of the paired bones was weighed and measured separately and recorded. The sums of the weights and the averages of lengths of these paired bones were used in the earlier reports.The weights and lengths of each of the paired bones used in this report were taken from the original data sheets. The weights of the hand include the weights of the carpals, metacarpals and phala...
TWENTY-SIX FIGURESThe skeletons of the single-comb white Leghorn chickens, whose growth has been reported in three preceding papers, were saved, and this paper will describe the growth from hatching to maturity of the entire skeleton and of several of the individual bones. The growth in weight of both the moist cartilaginous and the oven-dried skeleton will be shown with reference to the gross body weight, the age, and the body length. Following this the growth in weight and in length of the six pairs of long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and tarsometatarsus) will be studied with reference to the body weight, age, and body length. The weight of each pair reduced to percentages of the body weight and to the weight of the skeleton will also be discussed. Then the comparative lengths oE these long bones will be presented, and following this the growth changes in the unit weight per unit length will be studied, concluding with some notes on the age at which the ossification is completed in the long bones.A careful search of the literature has revealed but two other papers dealing with the quantitative growth of the chicken skeleton. Weiske ( '89) reports the fresh and the dry (dried at 120'C.) weights of the skeletons of twelve chickens killed at intervals from hatching to fifty-two weeks of age.
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