Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major public health problems worldwide, mostly in developing countries. This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to estimate the pooled prevalence of HBV infection in Bangladesh. We systematically searched various electronic databases to retrieve relevant studies published until April 2021. A total of 15 studies were met the inclusion criteria and included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimated prevalence of HBV infection in the general population of Bangladesh from 1995 to 2017 was 4.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.0-5.1]. The results of subgroup analysis revealed that the prevalence of hepatitis B was higher in females than males [odds ratio (OR) 1.20, 95% CI 0.48-2.97, P = 0.70], people of age <25 years had a higher prevalence than people of age >25 years (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.72-2.17, P = 0.42) and married people had a higher prevalence than unmarried/single people (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.51-3.10, P < 0.0001). The Egger's test statistics (P = 0.584), Begg and Mazumdar's rank correlation test (P = 0.054) indicated the absence of publication bias. This study analysis reported a low intermediate prevalence of HBV infection (4%) in Bangladesh, which is currently higher than the global prevalence of HBV infection (3.5%).
The current coronavirus pandemic is one of the most wrecking occasions in ongoing history, and it has an impact on mental health, especially in sleep disorder and anxiety. This review aimed to find an association between COVID-19 and psychological disorders like sleep disorder and anxiety by exploring its influential factors. COVID-19 patient has greater susceptibility to having anxiety and sleep disorder-related complications including post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obstructive sleep apnea by infecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to the central nervous system through the olfactory lobe. Although the mechanism of COVID-19 induced sleep disorder and anxiety-related complications have not been reported yet, the investigated data suggested that sleep disorder and anxiety-related complications are arising due to increasing cortisol, norepinephrine levels in the blood and decreasing glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Further examination and clinical studies are critically required to investigate the influential factors of COVID-19 patients' susceptibility to sleep disorder, anxiety for affirming speculation, and better treatment.
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