In Vietnam, villagers involved in a REDD+ (reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) pilot protect areas with rocks which have barely a tree on them. The apparent paradox indicates how actual practices differ from general ideas about REDD+ due to ongoing conflict over forest, and how contestations over the meaning of justice are a core element in negotiations over REDD+. We explore these politics of justice by examining how the actors involved in the REDD+ pilot negotiate the particular subjects, dimensions, and authority of justice considered relevant, and show how politics of justice are implicit to practical decisions in project implementation. Contestations over the meaning of justice are an important element in the practices and processes constituting REDD+ at global, national and local levels, challenging uniform definitions of forest justice and how forests ought to be managed.
This paper explores dynamics of conflict over forests in Vietnam, as the country lays the groundwork for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Drawing on a case study in Lam Dong province and applying an environmental justice lens, we examine how various social actors assert claims over forests and how these claims invoke different notions of justice, authority and identity. Our analysis highlights that the development and implementation of the project has generated renewed competing claims and conflicts over forests among social actors. Underlying these conflicts there are incompatible notions of justice and associated rights, which lead different actors to accord legitimacy variously to the global norms brought about by REDD+, the customary resource practices of indigenous people, or to the state's laws. We show that the negotiations over forests in REDD+ reflect the influence of the specific historical and politicaleconomic settings in which REDD+ activities take place, including pre-existing conflicts over forests and power relations underpinning forest management. From a policy perspective, our research suggests that any attempts to introduce simplified and uniform regulations for forest governance in REDD+ should be avoided, since local institutions and conceptions of justice will significantly influence what is regarded as legitimate policy and can thus be endorsed as inspiration for sustainable forest governance. Key policy insights. REDD+ in Vietnam has spurred contestations over who is legitimately entitled to govern and manage forests. . Claims and conflicts over forests can be explained by incompatible and distinct notions of justice, authority and identity. . Contestations over justice pose radical challenges to any global and national efforts that attempt to implement simplified rules and ideas for forest based-climate change mitigation. . Attention to justice, especially to compatibility and differences in ideas about justice, is crucial for sustainable forest governance. ARTICLE HISTORY
Timber legality trade restrictions and verification are a bundle of contemporary mechanisms triggered by global concerns about forest degradation and deforestation. The European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade initiative is a significant effort to not only screen out illegal timber and wood products from the EU, but also support trading partner countries to improve their legality definitions and verification processes. But by using bilateral agreements (Voluntary Partnership Agreements) as a key mechanism, the EU legitimizes trade partner nation-states as the authority to decide what is legal. We engage in a theoretical debate about the complexities of the meaning of legality, and then analyze empirical data collected from interviews in Ghana, Indonesia, Vietnam and Europe with policy, civil society and industry actors to understand how different actors understand legality. We find hegemonic notions of Westphalian statehood at the core of 'global' notions of legality and often contrast with local understandings of legality. Non-state actors understand these hegemonic notions of legality as imposed upon them and part of a colonial legacy. Further, notions of legality that fail to conform with hegemonic understandings are readily framed by nation-states as immoral or criminal. We emphasize the importance of understanding these framings to elucidate the embedded assumptions about what comprises legality within assemblages of global actors.Key words: FLEGT, timber legality, hegemony, power, globalization
The oil and gas drilling industry is amid a digital transformation, especially regarding the digital oilfield, smart operations, and predictive maintenance. Traditional scheduled maintenance approaches to equipment replacement have been proven as inefficient[EP(1] [YR(2], as not just time in service, but operational and system variables have a significant impact on useful life. (Temer and Pehl, 2017). Reactive approaches to maintenance by responding to failure, has increased risks for downtime and safety, especially in consideration of critical drilling and safety components at the well center critical path. This paper describes an approach, through an in-line blowout preventer valve (IBOP) predictive failure use case, of smart equipment monitoring and reliability centered maintenance (RCM), supported by modern digitalization technologies, and the industrial internet of things (IOT). To achieve this, extraction, transformation, and loading various data into a more unified analysis platform for usage along with loading aggregations and forecasting analysis was performed. Analyzing the SCADA data from the drilling rig, a logic-based algorithm was applied to identify IBOP usage cycles, from several separate signals. This created a dense data set of time series data identifying equipment loading cycles allowing analysis of a reliability centered maintenance health assessment and threshold. Historical usage was analyzed and forecasted using autoregressive integrated moving average to identify statistical approximation for the date where the forecasted usage would meet the health threshold, with results visualized into an interactive dashboard for operators. The identification of a forecasted date where equipment usage is expected to cross the reliability centered maintenance threshold can be used for rig maintenance preparation and planning. Decision layer content, in the form of an interactive dashboard and scheduled reporting, can be employed to keep maintenance crews aware of usage progression toward the threshold. Acquisition of data for analysis from many different systems and formats is challenging, especially for technical and engineering disciplines not fully aligned with traditional information technology (IT) skillsets, techniques, or platforms. Enabling flexibility for experimentation for new analysis can be by code-free, but code-friendly, data acquisition and analysis platforms that can be utilized at the onset of these advancements toward RCM. A data-fusion approach, methodically using multiple digitalization platforms, is employed as a strategy for improving condition monitoring, health assessment, and awareness. The application of new feature engineering and machine learning (ML) offers iterative improvements to RCM based health prognostic signals.
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