Seeds of the legume species are characterized by physical hard seed coat dormancy. Several pre-sowing treatments were tested of these species to enhancing seed germination. This study was carried out in the Malta Forest Nursery to increasing the germination percentage of (Robinia pseudoacacia) and (Ceratonia siliqua) seeds. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete design with four replications. Both species, seeds were soaked in hot water at (80 Cᵒ) for 30, 60 and 90 min, and mechanical scarification; the second trait seeds treated with factorial experiment which were seeds of both two species soaked in sulfuric acid for 30, 60 and 90 min, and then immersed in tap water for 24, 48 and 72h. The results showed that the seeds of Robinia pseudoacacia species treated with hot water for 60 min were increased germination percentage (63.75%), and the same result obtained of Ceratonia siliqua seeds treated with hot water for 60 min (61%). In the factorial experiment, the seeds of Robinia pseudoacacia species were treated with Sulfuric acid scarification at 90 min, then immersed with tap water for 24h were the best result of germination percentage (42.5%). In Ceratonia siliqu seeds were treated with sulfuric acid at 60 min and soaking with tap water for 24h increased the seed germination percentage (65%).
In nature, the regeneration and the seed germination ecology of tree species is varied due to divers' environmental factors and evolution process. As a consequence, understanding the factors controlling the seed germination and seedling emergence in the time and the space. In most nurseries, tree seeds are usually sown in spring or rarely in autumn and, they are often pretreated to increase the seed germination where the germination timing is selective sieve that a plant experiences throughout its life history. However, in most nursery of Kurdistan region, the managers have not a good knowledge about the seeds sowing timing and seedling emergency of native tree species. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate seed germination phenology with providing new data and determine optimal ways of seed sowing time that will permit a best seedling establishment of sixteen native and introduced tree species. The results showed, the seed sowing timing and seedling emergence of these tree species. In addition, these species exhibit significant divergence in term sowing timing and seedling establishment. Thereby, our results have a high value for managers of Kurdistan governmental and private nurseries as a suggestion which exact time is better for sowing seeds and which seeds need pre-treatment before sowing in order to obtain better regeneration.
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