Society is increasingly demanding automobiles centered on environmental factors and fuel efficiency. Accordingly many studies have examined the use of Al, Mg and composites for lightweight automobiles. We implemented a microcellular plastic (MCP) designed for a lightweight automobile using axiomatic design. The results show that the physical properties of MCPs are most affected by the size and uniformity of the MCPs, and that a weight reduction of about 15% is possible by applying MCPs to bumper covers. In conclusion, the MCP bumper design was proved to be a decoupled design, demonstrating the applicability of MCPs to bumpers.
A new microfabrication method that combines localized ion implantation and magnetorheological finishing is proposed. The proposed technique involves two steps. First, selected regions of a silicon wafer are irradiated with gallium ions by using a focused ion beam system. The mechanical properties of the irradiated regions are altered as a result of the ion implantation. Second, the wafer is processed by using a magnetorheological finishing method. During the finishing process, the regions not implanted with ion are preferentially removed. The material removal rate difference is utilized for microfabrication. The mechanisms of the proposed method are discussed, and applications are presented.
Introduction: High-quality screening colonoscopy is dependent on adequate colonoscopy preparation (prep). Despite many new formulations including low-volume laxative preps and split-prep schedules, inadequate colon preps are not uncommon. One important factor in improving the quality of colon prep is ensuring that patients understand the prep instructions. Apart from verbal communication, many hospitals post colonoscopy prep instructions on their website. In this study, we evaluated the readability, understandability, and actionability of online colonoscopy prep instructions. Methods: The top 75 hospitals in gastroenterology as ranked by 2021-22 US News and World Report were selected. These hospitals were entered into the Google search engine using the hospital's name followed by "bowel preparation." Each hospitals' bowel preparation information was evaluated independently by four reviewers using a total of 21 website criteria including readability, understandability, and actionability. Readability of each website was evaluated by assessing the approximate reading grade level of the materials using the Flesch Kincaid Grade Level Calculator with a preferred reading grade level below 6. Understandability and actionability were measured with the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) with recommended scores above 70% for both. Materials were excluded from review if no standardized document was listed on the hospital website or if duplicate materials were listed among two websites. Results: After exclusion, a total of 51 out of 75 web pages were evaluated. Average reading grade level of the materials assessed was 9.1 6 2.3. Overall understandability score was 78.1% 6 9.7%, and overall actionability score was 74.7% 6 30.1%. Of the websites assessed, 6% of hospitals included images to support text and 20% included videos in addition to text. 18% of the hospitals linked resources in different languages. 59% of materials did not include side effect warnings, and only one website listed an allergic reaction statement. Conclusion:The readability, understandability, and actionability of the written materials for bowel preparation among hospital websites are quite variable and do not meet the recommended standards. In addition, materials often lack key information. The educational content provided by physicians can be improved by further identifying what constitutes effective communication and using online tools to assess and improve readability and display.
During the process of focused ion beam (FIB) machining, the redeposition of the sputtered material during machining decreases the geometric accuracy of the process. In this paper, a new approach to reducing the geometric error in FIB machining is introduced. The new algorithm measures the amount of redeposited material after each production cycle and modifies the next process plan. Information on the amount and shape of the geometric error is determined using an image processing method. The geometric error compensation method is applied to a real FIB, and the experimental results demonstrate considerable improvement over uncompensated milling. S ince microcomponents are widely used in a variety of applications, their accuracy after production is important. As a result, manufacturing processes capable of producing microfeatures in patterns and threedimensional (3D) structures have been studied by many researchers. Focused ion beam (FIB) machining is a micromachining process that has nanometer-scale accuracies and can be used for microfabrication applications. The FIB, which was originally developed for microscopy and utilizes accelerated metal ions, is also useful for microfabrication applications because of its milling capability. 1,2) FIB milling is a material removal process that sputters using accelerated metal ions (mostly Ga þ ). During sputtering, atoms from a solid surface are removed by the bombardment of energetic particles. The momentum of the incident atom is transferred to the atoms on the target material surface. This momentum transfer leads to the ejection of surface atoms, 3) thus generating the desired topography or surface pattern.In the FIB milling process, an ion beam with a diameter of less than a few hundred nanometers is precisely controlled and follows a predesigned path. The energy of the incident ion beam is also controlled to remove a specific amount of material. However, FIB milling methods have limited shape accuracy. 4) The shape of a machined surface is determined not only by the ion beam energy, but also by other aspects of the machining process. Three dominant factors that affect the shape accuracy of machined surfaces are: (1) the Gaussian profile of the beam energy density, (2) the variation in sputtering yield with the ion beam incident angle, and (3) the redeposition of sputtered particles onto the machined substrate. 5) As the milling process progresses, the factors listed above cause distortions in the intermediate shapes of an FIB-milled surface. Because the energy distribution of the ion beam follows a Gaussian distribution, the cross-section of the machined surface becomes Gaussian shaped. The Gaussianshaped texture and the 3D features of the machined surface result in an uneven sputter yield due to the variation in the ion beam's incident angle. Furthermore, the sputtered particles reattach to the machined surface, which is called redeposition.When the machined feature size is large relative to the ion beam spot size, redeposition is the predominant cause of geometric err...
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