An application of bottom blown converter (Q-BOP) has been devised to dephosphorize hot metal from [%P]i=0.140 to [%P]1 =0.010 and desulfurize from [%S]1=0.020 to [%S]1=0.010 by injecting with 02 gas a lime fluorspar mixture of a low 23 kg/t within only 2'-4 min. Experiments have been made to determine the contributions to the dephosphorization of permanent reactor reaction by top slag and of transitory reaction by lime powders injected with 02 gas from bottom tuyeres and ascending in the bath.The ratio of dephosphorization, 100, is reached 90-95 % when fluorspar is added either to injected lime or to resulting top slag, whereas it decreased to 5070 % without the flourspar addition. Detailed analysis has shown that 50'-70 % of the above ratio of dephosphorization is shared by the transitory reaction, the rest of 0 % (without fluorspar) to 25'-40 % (with fluorspar) by the permanent reactor reaction. Slag particles ascending in the bath have been sampled and found to contain 10'-30 % P205, confirming the considerable contribution of the transitory reaction.With the aid of additional laboratory experiments, the following sequence is found operative for the dephosphorization: Lime particle injected with 02 gas is transformed to liquid calcium ferrite. During ascending in the bath, calcium ferrite oxidizes [P] to P205, itself being reduced to Ca0 which combines with P205 to form 3Ca0.P205 particles. The 3Ca0 P205 particles ascend to be finaly assimilated in top slag to complete the sequence of dephosphorization.
Edge dislocations moving on slip planes in a KCl single crystal under an applied load were observed successfully by the 90°-angle light scattering method. The images of moving dislocations were taken by means of an optical microscope and a video camera, where a high-power Ar-ion laser (2 W for a wavelength of 514 nm) and an image intensifier were employed to intensify scattered light from the dislocations. The motion of dislocations was smooth and the average velocity was about 10-7 m/s in the present observation.
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