In order to redllce the occurrellce oj suiftlCe difects oj a cOlltillUOUS castillg slab, the most suitable secolldary coolillg pattern was de filled all the basis oj the results oj a theoretical calCillalioll allri a laboratory scale ex-Ilerimellt all the thermal hysteresis similar to those oj cOlltilluous castillg slabs. M oreover, i t has been considered ill this study that the trallsverse corner cracks could be relaled to the p resellce oj precipitates appeared ill the austenite grain boundaries. (1) T rallsverse corner cracks are formed by the precipitates oj AI N ap/leared all the grain boundary in the austenite region at the temperatures in the rallge oj 700 0 to 950°C. Especially, the AIN Jormatioll is accelerated by reheatillg it at th e temperature above 700 0 e Jrom Ihp. lower temperature. (2) From tlIP experimelltal results all the roles oj secondary coolillg pattern and oj temperature nt th e unbending roll in slnbs continuously cnst, it is nscertained that the occurrence oj transverse corner crack is SllC-cessflll~l' prevellted ~y the secolldary cooling pattern , that is, a suitable coolillg rate is less thall 83 e lm ill the upper part oj continuolls casting machille. (3) T he lI
[Purpose] Determining the thickness of the intercostal muscle with ultrasound imaging
would be a useful parameter in evaluating respiratory muscle activity in patients with
tetraplegia and neuromuscular weakness. However, it has not been clarified whether
ultrasound imaging can measure changes in intercostal muscle thickness during breathing.
This study aimed to measure contractions of the human intercostal muscle in the anterior,
lateral, and posterior parts with ultrasound imaging during maximal breathing.
[Participants and Methods] The participants were 12 healthy males. Intercostal muscle
thickness was measured using ultrasound at rest and at maximal breathing. The measurement
sites were the anterior, lateral, and posterior portions of the right intercostal spaces.
Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test comparing intercostal muscle
thickness at rest and maximal breathing. [Results] The thickness of the intercostal muscle
showed significant increases in the first, second, third, fourth, and sixth intercostal
spaces of the anterior portions. There were no significant differences in the lateral or
posterior portions between rest and maximal breathing. [Conclusion] Human intercostal
muscle thickness can be measured with ultrasound and increases only in the anterior
portions during maximal breathing.
A transmission electron microscope (TEM) sample for observing photocatalysis in a liquid was prepared by using N,N,N-trimetyl-N-propylammonium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. The ionic liquid (IL) was used as a reaction solvent. Tetrachloroauric acid was dissolved in the IL as gold ion species. Rutile particles were added in the solution as a photocatalyst. The low vapor pressure of the IL enables a diffusing system in high vacuum of TEM. Rutile particles were UV irradiated in that liquid phase. After 3 h UV irradiation, a gold particle of 8 nm diameter was grown on the TiO2 surface. Photonucleation of Au/TiO2 system was discussed from the high-resolution TEM images.
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