Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a way for distribution of secure key in at least two parties which they initially share. And there are many protocols for providing a secure key i.e. BB84 protocol, SARG04 protocol, E91 protocol and many more. In this paper all the concerned protocols that share a secret key is explained and comparative study of all protocols shown.

As the growth of mobile technology network increasing exponentially due to which radio frequency becomes more valuable natural resources. Shortage of bandwidth creates an enormous opportunities for researchers and engineers for exploration of underutilize millimeter wave spectrum in order to design and develop future technologies. It is a need of an hour to do extensive studies on the impact of millimeter wave technologies as both indoor and outdoor environments. This paper describes the various studies carried out earlier in the field of radio wave propagation at 60 GHz in different outdoor environments.

COVID-19 is a respiration-related disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 and was identified in China’s Wuhan city. More than 223 countries are affected by the disease worldwide. The new variants of the COVID-19 virus are causing problems, from average to life-threatening pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Presently, there are 170 vaccine candidates, out of which 10 have been approved by the WHO for vaccination, such as Ad26.COV2.S, Pfizer/BioNTech, COVISHIELD, Covovax, Moderna, KoviVac, and some other vaccines to combat the deadly SARS-CoV-2 infection. From all these vaccines, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna are showing the highest efficacy against COVID-19. These vaccines are highly efficient against COVID-19 disease, but their potentiality against new variants remains a question. COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective at preventing severe illnesses, hospitalizations, and death. The antibodies elicited by earlier infection or vaccination are the key for possible protection against SARS-CoV-2. The problem has been exacerbated by new information from Africa on the origins of the novel contagious SARS-CoV-2 strain. These new strains occur due to unique mutations in the spike protein, which modify SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection capabilities, limiting the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination. Hence, there is a need to find a potential vaccine against it.

The outbreak of COVID-19 was originated from China, responsible for Several Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Scientists are forced to develop vaccine and effective drugs to control COVID-19 infection. To develop effective vaccine for SARS – COVID 19, immunoinformatics and computational approaches could helps to design successful vaccine against this biggest danger for humanity. Here we used various in – silico approaches to designed vaccine against COVID-19. To develop vaccine, we target S- protein, expressed on the virus surface plays important role in COVID-19 infection. We identified 12 B-cell, 9 T-helper and 20 Cytotoxic T-cell epitope based on criteria of selection. The predicted epitopes were link simultaneously with GPGPG & AAY linkers. The β-defensin was used as adjuvant, linked with selected epitope by using EAAAK linker. For vaccine construct justification we analysed its immunogenicity, allergenicity and physiochemical properties. Our study revealed that vaccine was non toxic, immunogenic and antigenic in nature and covers 98.6% of world population, important for vaccine effectively . In- silico cloning was used to analyse its expression in vector. Molecular docking was performed to study the interaction of construct with TLR (TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9) molecules. The immune simulation was conducted and conformed that our vaccine constructs can induces both acquired and humoral immunity effectively against COVID-19 at very low concentration, but along with bioinformatics study we need to conduct experiment in laboratory to validate its safety and effectiveness.

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