Designing spike protein (S-Protein) based multi-epitope peptide vaccine against SARS COVID-19 by immunoinformatics

Abstract

The outbreak of COVID-19 was originated from China, responsible for Several Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Scientists are forced to develop vaccine and effective drugs to control COVID-19 infection. To develop effective vaccine for SARS – COVID 19, immunoinformatics and computational approaches could helps to design successful vaccine against this biggest danger for humanity. Here we used various in – silico approaches to designed vaccine against COVID-19. To develop vaccine, we target S- protein, expressed on the virus surface plays important role in COVID-19 infection. We identified 12 B-cell, 9 T-helper and 20 Cytotoxic T-cell epitope based on criteria of selection. The predicted epitopes were link simultaneously with GPGPG & AAY linkers. The β-defensin was used as adjuvant, linked with selected epitope by using EAAAK linker. For vaccine construct justification we analysed its immunogenicity, allergenicity and physiochemical properties. Our study revealed that vaccine was non toxic, immunogenic and antigenic in nature and covers 98.6% of world population, important for vaccine effectively . In- silico cloning was used to analyse its expression in vector. Molecular docking was performed to study the interaction of construct with TLR (TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9) molecules. The immune simulation was conducted and conformed that our vaccine constructs can induces both acquired and humoral immunity effectively against COVID-19 at very low concentration, but along with bioinformatics study we need to conduct experiment in laboratory to validate its safety and effectiveness.

Vaccine Design through Machine Learning and Nanotechnology to Terminate COVID-19 Pandemic

“…Protein-based vaccines can consist of a protein purified from the virus or virus-infected cells, recombinant protein or virus-like particles [47,48]. Virus-like particles consist of the structural viral proteins necessary to form a virus particle, but lack the viral genome and non-structural proteins [49,50]. Proteinbased vaccines require the addition of an Adjuvant to induce a strong immune response.…”

Developing an Effective Peptide-Based Vaccine for COVID-19: Preliminary Studies in Mice Models

“…There are four general vaccine types for preventing viral infections: (I) “classic” vaccines that utilize inactivated or attenuated whole virus [ 20 , 21 ], (II) nucleic acid vaccines (DNA and RNA) that elicit the host to produce antigenic fragments of the virus [ 22 ], (III) subunit vaccines that use recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides representing antigenic fragments of the virus [ 22 ], and (IV) viral vector-based vaccines that utilize viral vectors to deliver genetic material to host cells [ 20 , 23 ]. COVID-19 vaccines that have been approved by the U.S. FDA include classic inactivated viral particle vaccines, RNA-based vaccines, subunit-based (recombinant S protein) vaccines, and viral vector-delivered vaccines [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Screening of HLA-A restricted T cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and induction of CD8+ T cell responses in HLA-A transgenic mice

“…However, most studies have utilized pools of predicted or overlapping peptides spanning the sequences of different SARS-CoV-2 proteins 22,23,24,25,26,27,28 . The functionally validated T cell epitopes are still limited and have thus far come from only a few laboratories 10,11,29,30,31,32 .…”