<p>A field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of four organic manure sources (vermicompost, poultry manure, sheep &amp; goat manure and cattle FYM) on growth and yield attributing characters of garlic in greenhouse condition during extreme winter months (October to May) at Leh-Ladakh, India with three application rates of organic manures <em>viz</em>. 10, 20 and 30 tons ha^-1.  The results revealed that, organic manure application enhanced plant growth, improved garlic yield and its components <em>viz</em>. no. of cloves per bulb, bulb diameter and weight. Also, with increasing rate of application of organic manures from 10 to 20 tons ha^-1, all growth and yield characters of garlic were improved. Vermicompost and poultry manure had significant effects on plant growth characters <em>viz</em>. plant height, number of leaves per plant, length and width of leaves especially in the T₃ and T₆ treatments. Highest garlic yield (105.03q ha^-1) was achieved in T₆ treatment (poultry manure @ 20 tons ha^-1). Overall, application of organic manures proved to be beneficial for garlic production and its application should be popularized for sustainable agriculture in fragile ecosystem of cold arid desert of Ladakh region. </p>

A comparative analysis on the effect of the water on the molecular structure and spectroscopy of 5-halogenated uracils was carried out. Solvent effects were considered by using a variable number (1-10) of explicit water molecules surrounding the 5-halouracil derivatives in order to simulate the first hydration shell. More than 300 cluster structures with water were analyzed. B3LYP and MP2 quantum chemical methods were used. For cases where literature data are available, the computed values were in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical studies. Several general conclusions were underlined.

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The experiment was conducted to study the variability parameters, correlations and path coefficient for ten agronomically important traits in the 40 bread wheat genotypes. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was less as compared to that of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for all the characters. Plant height and grain weight per plant had high GCV, heritability and genetic advance (as percentage of mean). This indicated that these characters were governed by additive gene effect and can be improved through selection effectively. Highly positive and significant correlation reported for grain yield per plant with number of tiller per plant, number of spikelets per spike, 100-grain weight and grain weight of main spike. The present study indicated that number of tillers per plant had highest direct effect on seed yield per plant both at genotypic levels and grain weight of main spike.

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