Objectives:To investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection with special emphasis to opportunistic parasites in pediatric age group. history along with details of sociodemographic factors, literacy level, and hygiene habits were obtained. Saline and iodine mount and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained preparation were examined microscopically.Result: Of 180 patients enrolled in the study, 99 (55%) were males and 81 (45%) were females. In this study, prevalence of intestinal parasites was 13.3%; among these, 3.33% were Entamoeba histolytica, 5% were Giardia lamblia, 3.33% Cryptosporidium parvum, 1.11% Ascaris lumbricoides, and 0.55% Ancylostoma duodenale. Highest number of parasitic infections was seen in the age group of 6-10 years and opportunistic parasites were more prevalent in the age group of <1 year. Majority of patients having parasitic infection were illiterate, living in kutcha house, having open source of drinking water, and having unhygienic sanitary habits. Conclusion:The study indicates that parasitic infections are still major public health problems in tropical countries such as India. These infections were found to be due to low standards of housing, faulty technique of hand washing, nonusage of sanitary latrine, and illiteracy. As found in this study, higher rate of parasitic infection in school-going children requires hygiene education to students and parents. The study reaffirms and confirms the previously held view that opportunistic parasites can cause diarrhea in pediatric patients. All children found to have opportunistic parasites must be screened for HIV infection and other causes of immunodeficiency.

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Background: Antibiotic resistance among gram negative bacilli is a rapidly expanding problem due to the organism's ability to mutate and to acquire the transmit plasmid and other genetic elements encoding resistance genes. Objective: This study was conducted to know the prevalence of ESBLs in E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates obtained from clinical samples. Material and Methods: A detailed history was taken and Performa was filled for each patient documenting age, sex, history of illness was obtained. Study was conducted at microbiology Department, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medial Sciences, Bhuj from May 2014 to Dec 2015. Total 2500 clinical samples like Urine, Sputum, Blood, Pus, CSF, Pleural fluid were collected in sterile containers. Samples from which E.coli and Klebsiella spp were isolated were considered for this study. Detection of ESBL was done as per CLSI guidelines. Results: Total 2500 clinical samples were tested for culture and sensitivity during August 2015 to July 2017. Out of this 500 samples showed growth of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Among 500 isolates coli had 268 and from them 189 were ESBL positive. Similarly 232 were isolates from Klebsiella spp and among them 185 were positives for ESBL. Conclusion: In the present study, ESBL prevalence was 49.99% (E. coli = 50.53% and K. pneumoniae = 49.46%). A moderately high prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae was observed and confirmed in the urine, sputum, pus, CSF and Blood. A strict hospital infection control policy and a prudent anti-microbials use regimens are to be adopted by the physicians.

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