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There was a higher proportion of SKOA than AsKOA (72.1% vs 41.6%), and SKOA was significantly more associated with disability (81.0% vs 26.9%, P<0.01). The prevalence of SKOA increased with age, from 1.3% in the 40-49-year-old age group to 13.2% in the 70+ group. Age, body mass index, and female gender were associated risk factors for knee OA.

The possibility remains that alexithymia is a culture-bound construct. The authors examined the validity and reliability of the Japanese versions of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the modified Beth Israel Hospital Psychosomatic Questionnaire, testing two samples of 473 college students and 149 psychiatric outpatients. The face validity and internal consistencies were suggested by factor analysis, adequate internal consistency, relatively high test-retest correlations, and high specificity and sensitivity. The Japanese versions of these two alexithymia scales therefore seem suitable for use among college students and psychiatric outpatients. However, there were several problematic points which may be associated with cultural differences.

This paper proposes simple and precise nonlinear simulation techniques for surface acoustic wave (SAW) duplexers, especially for the in-band 3rd order nonlinear distortion, the socalled 'triple beat'. The simulation model is based on the nonlinearity of SAW stress vs. strain (nonlinear elasticity of SAW), and needs just one nonlinear parameter, which represents the 3rd order nonlinear coefficient for the elastic constant. The simulation results of the triple beat for 1.9 GHz Personal Communications Service (PCS) SAW duplexers demonstrate fairly good agreement with the measurements with an accuracy of less than 1 dB.