The mean-square radii of gyration of two polystyrene (PS) samples with weight-average molar masses M w of 2.18 10 4 and 3.88 10 4 in toluene and 2butanone and of a cyclic amylose tris(phenylcarbamate) (cATPC) with a M w of 4.73 10 4 in tetrahydrofuran were determined by synchrotron radiation smallangle X-ray scattering measurements over a wide range of temperatures from −77 C to 70 C. Both PS and cATPC are sufficiently soluble to enable SAXS measurements even at −77 C in the solvents used. The of cATPC does not depend on temperature over the range investigated here. This result may be reasonable for such rigid ring polymers. In contrast, the radii of PS depend on temperature to a significant degree, while the second virial coefficient is mostly temperature-independent. The resulting characteristic ratio C for PS in toluene decreases monotonically with increasing temperature, as predicted both by the rotational isomeric state (RIS) and by (helical) wormlike chain models. However, C in 2-butanone exhibits a minimum approximately 10 C and increases with increasing temperature, suggesting that the RIS energy parameters should be affected by the intermolecular interactions between the polymer and solvent.
ObjectivesIdiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) and connective tissue disease -associated interstitial pneumonia (CTD-IP) are the two most common types of interstitial pneumonia. IIP and CTD-IP share common histological features, yet their clinical management is different. Separation of the two conditions based solely on histology can be challenging, and there are no established criteria.Materials and methodsWe selected 105 consecutive cases of IIP (79 usual interstitial pneumonia and 26 non-specific interstitial pneumonia) and 49 cases of CTD-IP for derivation and 32 cases of IIP and 10 cases of CTD-IP for validation. Fourteen histological parameters were evaluated independently by two pathologists for derivation group and graded into 0 to 3. The association between the score for each marker and a diagnosis of CTD was investigated using Fisher’s exact test and stepwise logistic regression analysis. A formula for calculating the probability of IIP and CTD-IP was constructed by the markers identified in the regression test with coefficients for each finding. The formula was confirmed using validation case group.ResultsStepwise logistic regression analysis showed that plasmacytosis, lymphoid follicle with germinal center, and airspace fibrin were suggestive of CTD-IP and that fibroblastic foci, smooth muscle hyperplasia, cellular IP, dense perivascular collagen, and fat metaplasia were suggestive of IIP. The formula used to calculate the probabilities based on estimated values for each finding was created, and user-friendly web based app was composed at www.ctdip.com.On the validation study, 30 out of 32 IIP and eight out of 10 CTD-IPs were distinguished correctly by the app (Specificity: 93%, Sensitivity: 80%).ConclusionsWe identified histological markers and derived a practical formula and user-friendly app to distinguish CTD-IPs from IIP.
The protection of the family and the nation has always been the key discourse used to motivate people to go to war. However, this logic has been questioned and more families have been concerned with a possibility that their relatives may become war victims, in particular, as it is happened in the case with the wars in Vietnam and Iraq. Hence, the previous idea of the soldier as a hero that protects his family has being loosing the ground. There are families, which decided to join the efforts in order to protect the soldiers from the military decisions made by the State. This paper explores the initial positions that families had regarding the traditional heroic discourse and the reasons behind the current criticisms and opposition to the official rhetoric.
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