*: Evaluation of the daily periodicity of acaricides and inhibition of hatching by spiracle-blocking insecticides for control of two-spotted spider mite (green form
We examined the effects against the grape ripe rot (Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaulding & H. Schrenk (anamorph: Corretotrichum groeosporioides Penzig & Saccardo)), by spraying several fungicides including non-QoI (Quinone outside Inhibitors) fungicides and QoI fungicides. The cultivar of berries used in this experiment were "Kyoho" (Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L. cv. Kyohou), and we sprayed fungicides in June to July, when the pathogen scatters most spores. In 2015, 2016 and 2017, we sprayed each fungicides two times to the grape trees, leaves, and fruits at the immature fruits stage and influence on the fruits bloom by the fungicides were researched. And in 2016 and 2017, we measured the number of berries which infected by the grape ripe rot in the mature stage. As a result, in our experiments, the most effective fungicide is azoxystrobin (Amistar 10 flowable; Syngenta Japan, Inc.), followed by pyraclostrobin-boscalid (Naria WDG; BASF Japan, Inc.), captan (Orthocide 80; Arysta Life Science, Inc.), and penthiopyrad (Affet flowable; Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc.) in order. Additionally, we also examined the influence of each fungicides to the berries in the mature stage. As a result, the bloom leaching appeared after pyraclostrobin-boscalid sprayed when berries were as large as the size of soybeans. However, 2016 and 2017, bloom leaching did not occur after spraying when berries size were as large as adsuki beans.
To determine rust symptoms caused by shiso rust mites (Shevtchenkella sp.), perilla leaf color was quantified by image analysis, and symptomatic and healthy leaves were compared. On symptomatic leaves, the blue (B) value in the red, green, and blue (RGB) color system was lower on the back side of the leaf, whereas the red/green (a*) values in the L*a*b* color system were lower on both sides of the leaves, compared with those of healthy leaves.Complex color elements were investigated by principal component analysis to determine rust occurrence. Using the RGB system, less green (B) on the back indicated rust. Using the L*a*b* system, a* value on the front indicated rust and suggested that size may also contribute to the results.
Shiso mosaic disease is caused by the perilla mosaic virus (PerMV) and transmitted by shiso rust mites (Shevtchenkella sp.). Twenty PerMV-infected shiso rust mites were released in the center of a perilla plant field to investigate horizontal disease transmission. Disease in the surrounding plants started developing after 19 days; 47% of plants displayed symptoms after 40 days; and all plants displayed symptoms after 69 days. The diseased-plant density was the highest in the northeast, northwest, and southeast of the inoculated field, and was lowest in the southeast. The wind direction frequency during the one to two weeks before the field observation seemingly correlated with the density of diseasedeveloped plants in the field.
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