We studied active flexion from 90 degrees to 133 degrees and passive flexion to 162 degrees using MRI in 20 unloaded knees in Japanese subjects. Flexion over this arc is accompanied by backward movement of the medial femoral condyle of 4.0 mm and by backward movement laterally of 15 mm, i.e., by internal rotation of the tibia. At 162 degrees the lateral femoral condyle lies posterior to the tibia.

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In this study, it seemed that the use of the OSG method as the new diagnostic criteria for SP-LBC preparation, may be a valid method to improve the precision (reproducibility) of endometrial cytology.

We examined expressions of the gap junction proteins, connexin 26 (C×26) and 32 (C×32), in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions during rat hepatocarcinogenesis. A marked reduction in the numher of C×32‐positive gap junctions was observed in 17% of the glutathione S‐transferase placental form‐positive foci, whereas 44% of the foci showed increased expression of C×26. Most hyperplastic nodules exhibited decreased expression of C×32, whereas 16% of the nodules showed increased expression of C×26. In hepatocellular carcinomas, expressions of both C×32 and C×26 were significantly reduced. These results suggest that the expressions of C×32 and 26 are differentially regulated during hepatocarcinogenesis, and that the decrease in C×32 expression occurs earlier, whereas reduction in C×26 expression occurs later in association with promotion and progression of carcinogenesis.

BackgroundMost bladder tumors are derived from the urothelium. Benign mesenchymal tumors are rare. Leiomyoma of the bladder is the most common benign neoplasm. We present a case of leiomyoma of the bladder presenting with acute urinary retention in a female patient and report on the post-operative change in urodynamic findings. To our knowledge, few cases of this kind have been reported.Case PresentationA 56-year-old woman presented with acute urinary retention. Evaluations including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, cystoscopy, and urodynamics contributed to a diagnosis of leiomyoma of the bladder. Various medications were ineffective for solving her lower urinary tract symptoms; therefore, a transurethral resection was performed. The final pathological report was leiomyoma. After the operation, her symptoms resolved; this improvement was confirmed by an urodynamic analysis. The postoperative urodynamics demonstrated a lower frequency of detrusor overactivity during filling cystometry and an increase in the uroflow rate, with reduced detrusor pressure in a pressure flow study.ConclusionsLeiomyoma of the bladder can cause female outlet obstruction. A review of the literature and disease management is discussed.