Preschool and elementary school aged children were most common infested with head lice in the United States [9]. The prevalence was 43% in a slum and 28% in a fishing village in Brazil [4]. Many chemical products were investigated for their effects on HL, in United States the most studied pediculicide was Permethrin, the least toxic to human [10]. In 2009, 5% benzyl alcohol was inspected as a treatment for HL ABSTRACT Background: Head lice (HL) is still signifying problem, its incidence is greater in crowded places like schools and day cares. Material and Methods: A total of 1791 school children, from five schools (three elementary and two intermediate) in Kirkuk province, Iraq, were eligible for screening of head lice. The heads were examined carefully by naked eye or with assistance of magnifying lens. After detecting the infected heads, natural and chemical products were used for treating the infection. Results: 255 samples were found to be positive for head lice, with rate of 14.2 %. Females were significantly more infected than males. The most age group which was infected in both genders was 7-8 and 9-10 years old. parents occupation or the educational status of the infected children, were not associated with the incidence of the infection. The effect of the natural plant oils were intensified when used with head cap. The most effective plant oil was olive and anise followed by thyme and sesame they were effective at 48 hours after usage. Very little effect had resulted with garlic oil. Petrol was effective in killing the lice with or without head cap. The anti-lice shampoos were effective after repeating treatment for four to five days. The ordinary hair shampoos were effective at killing the lice only when used with head cap. Olive oil and sesame are effective for head lice treating, but the commercial normal hair shampoos are better for completely removing the infection, if used with hair cap. Conclusion: The recommendation is that, the ordinary hair shampoos can be used instated of natural oils or anti-lice shampoos that contain insecticides and may have side effects.

In the course of pregnancy, the developing fetus might have some infections that can be transmit to him transplacentally from his mother. Early identification and treatment of these infections in a neonates is essential. Prenatal caution comprehends a range of tests, involving a TORCH screen test.From the beginning of July till the end of December 2014. 500 blood samples were collected for TORCH screening from pregnant women whom attended virology section in Azadi Teaching Hospital. The TORCH screening was performed using ELISA technique.The result of  TORCH screening tests was not differed significantly between year 2013 and 2014, but there was significant differences between the frequency of the microorganisms included in TORCH screening, the highest was for Cytomegalovirus and Rubella with rates of 29.2, 39.1 % and 30.3, 41.8 % for each of the two viruses respectively. Lower frequency was observed for Toxoplasma with rate of 9.5, 8.9 % followed by    Herpes simplex virus with a rate of  only 1.1, 2.6 %. High rate of mixed infection were between Cytomegalovirus and Rubella. The frequency of chronic infections were significantly higher comparing with acute and subacute cases. The rate of infections was not effected by patients age.Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Toxoplasma are prevalent among pregnant women in Kirkuk city and probably they are the causative agents of abortion and infertility found among them, therefore it's better for pregnant woman or those planning to become pregnant to be tested for TORCH infections, and vaccinated against Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus and Toxoplasma to grantee her health  as well as her baby.

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Malnutrition and infection with intestinal parasites are widespread in almost all developing countries, high rate of people in the world are infected with protozoal and helminthes parasites. Most of cases are asymptomatic but some intestinal parasites can cause severe diarrhea and malnutrition problems. Four hundred and thirty children (257 male and 173 female) whom attended the parasitology section of Kirkuk General Pediatric and Azady Teaching Hospitals, were chosen for this study. Their ages were < 1-12 years. The weight and the height of each children were recorded. Stool samples were taken from them and examined microscopically for parasitic finding. The frequency of malnutrition was significantly more in males (29.9%) than in females (15.6%). The most age group which were more malnourished in both males and females were 8-11years. Although the number of inpatients (336) was higher than outpatients (94), but malnutrition showed no significant differences between them. The total malnourished children were 24%. Most of the normal malnourished children had body mass index (BMI) range of 13-16.9, while most of the moderate malnourished had BMI range of 13-14.9 and the sever malnourished BMI were 8-12.9.The most prevalent parasite in both sexes were Entamoeba histolytica followed by Giardia lamblia, Hymenolepis nana, Enterobius vermicularis and Cryptosporidium parvum, and the lowest rate was for Ascaris lumbricoides. The most malnourished children were infected C. parvum with a rate of 60%, followed by E. histolytica and G. lamblia with rate of 18.7, 10.4% respectively, no malnutrition degree were noted with other parasites. A significantly high rate of malnourished children had parasitic infection (30%) comparing with the total malnourished number (104). Diarrhea was significantly related with malnutrition degree and with parasites. 60% of the total moderately

Amoebiasis is an important parasitic disease in human. The two species Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar are morphologically identical but E. dispar is none pathogenic and is not associated with symptomatic amoebiasis. In this study, from July to December 2013, 397 (212 male, 185 female) stool samples from in and out patients in Kirkuk Azady Teaching Hospital were examined microscopically. 97 samples of them were positive for Entamoeba histolytica / dispar. Blood samples were collected from E. histolytica / dispar positive patients, and the sera were examined by ELISA for differentiating the two species and evaluating the IgG levels in their serum. The overall rate of E. histolytica / dispar detected microscopically was 24.4%, while when the positive samples examined by ELISA technique 89.7% of them were E. histolytica and 10.3% were considered to be E. disbar. The serum samples of 27.58% of the patients whom had E. histolytica were positive for IgG antibody. The most age group which was infected with E. histolytica / dispar in both sexes were 41-50 years with rates of 39.13, 34.6 % for each of males and females respectively. A significantly high frequency (62.9, 94.8 %) of E. histolytica / dispar positive samples were contained RBC and pus cells respectively for each cell type, and the highest rate (28.8, 39.1%) were for those samples contained three pluses respectively for each of RBC and pus cells. The conclusion is that there is a big necessity of a serology confirmatory test after microscopic detection of E. histolytica to avoid un necessary treatment.