Canonical Wnt signaling is important in skeletal muscle repair but has not been well characterized in response to physiological stimuli. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of downhill running (DHR) on components of Wnt signaling. Young, male C57BL/J6 mice were exposed to DHR. Muscle injury and repair (MCadherin) were measured in soleus. Gene and protein expression of Wnt3a, active β-catenin, GSK3β, and LEF1 were measured in gastrocnemius. Muscle injury increased 6 days post-DHR and MCadherin protein increased 5 days post-DHR. Total and active GSK3β protein decreased 3 days (9-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively) post-DHR. LEF1 protein increased 6 days (5-fold) post-DHR. DHR decreased GSK3β and increased LEF1 protein expression, but did not affect other components of Wnt signaling. Due to their applicability, using models of physiological stimuli such as DHR will provide significant insight into cellular mechanisms within muscle.
Grease-trap
waste (GTW) and sewage-scum grease (SSG) are under-utilized,
high-lipid waste streams that have the potential to be converted into
biodiesel. This paper presents a longitudinal study of GTW and SSG
samples that were obtained over a 1 year period; GTW was sampled from
a storage tank at a grease-collection company, and SSG was sampled
from scum-concentration buildings at three wastewater resource recovery
facilities. Samples were fractionated to quantify their lipids, secondary
wastewater, and solids content. Results show that the average lipid
content of SSG was seasonally dependent; lipid content was 15–40%
in cooler months and 3–21% in warmer months. Alternatively,
GTW showed an average overall lipid content of 4% in raw GTW; however,
the floating layer from settled GTW had an average lipid content of
34%. These greases could serve as feedstocks for urban low-carbon
biodiesel production while reducing the volume of biosolid waste disposal.
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