Objective: Hepatic trauma carries a substantial amount of morbidity & mortality. Purpose of study: The purpose of the study is to study the effects of delay in initiation of management of patients suffering from hepatic trauma. Design: Prospective study. Place & duration: The study was carried out in the Department of Surgery, Mayo Hospital Lahore from the year 1995-1997. Patient & methods: 57 patients were included in this study. They were operated and different methods of repair were employed. Results: 57 patients were studied. 50 were males, 7 were females. They belonged to an age range of 12-62 years. 55.7% patients suffered from blunt trauma while the rest of the cases were of penetrating injury. Over 50% of the patients presented within 4 hours of injury. All of the patients were operated and there findings noted. Different types of haemostatic measure were employed. There were ten mortalities in this study. Conclusions: Early presentation to the hospital of hepatic trauma cases, has a good impact o n the ultimate outcome of the patients.

Preemptive analgesia with 0.75% ropivacaine causes significant reduction in pain perception, request for an analgesic and hospital stay. Therefore it is advisable before inguinal hernioplasty.

Objectives: To evaluate the detrimental impact of smoking on oral health.Methodology: A Cross sectional comparative study was carried out on 100 patients, 50 smokers and 50 non-smokers, visitingSharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore from June 2019 to July 2020. Intra-oral examination was done using the CommunityPeriodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Recorded data was coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS statistical Packageversion 23.ResultsThe periodontal health was significantly associated with status of smoking (p=0.001). The most prevalent periodontal problemsof smokers were periodontal pockets of 4 to 5 mm (19%) while the least (4%) had bleeding on probing. Majority of the nonsmokers(32%) had bleeding on probing. The number of cigarettes smoked in a day and periodontal health status weresignificantly associated (p=0.004). Light smokers (1 to 10 cigarettes/day) had periodontal pockets of 4 to 5mm as their biggestperiodontal problems (38%) while the least (8%) had bleeding on probing. The periodontal problem that intermittent smokers(11 to 15 cigarettes/day) predominantly had was periodontal pockets of 6 mm or more (8%) and same was the case with heavysmokers (2%).Conclusion: The main periodontal problem of smokers was periodontal pockets of 4 to 5 mm while the least was bleeding onprobing. Most of the non-smokers had bleeding on probing while none of the non-smokers had periodontal pockets. Lightsmokers (1 to 10 cigarettes/day) mainly had periodontal pockets of 4 to 5mm as their main concern. The periodontal problemthat intermittent and heavy smokers mainly had were periodontal pockets of 6 mm or more.

Objective: To find the association between oral parafunctional habits and personality traits in individuals. Methodology: A Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, over 5 months, from July to November 2021. All individuals, irrespective of their age and gender and those who reported having oral parafunctional habits, were included. Individuals with a history of smoking and those with any systemic illness were excluded. Data was collected using a medical questionnaire and a ten-item personality inventory scale (TIPI). Results: The association between personality traits and oral parafunctional habits was not statistically significant. The association between extraversion personality trait and nail-biting (p=0.267), teeth grinding (p=00754), teeth clenching (p=0.450) and biting hard objects (p=0.582) was not significant. The association between agreeableness and nail-biting (p=0.112), teeth grinding (p=0.612), teeth clenching (p=0.430), biting hard objects (p=0.639) and chewing gum (p=1.000) was not significant. The association between conscientiousness and nail-biting (p=0.588), teeth grinding (p=0.588), teeth clenching (p=0.325), biting hard objects(p=1.000) and chewing gum (p=1.000) was non-significant. Similarly, the association between personality traits of emotional stability and openness to experience with nail-biting (p=0.138, p=0.594 respectively), Teeth grinding (p=0.586,0.594 respectively), teeth clenching (p=0.813, p=1.000 respectively), biting hard objects (p=0.075, p= 0.347 respectively) and chewing gum (p=0.585, p=0.556 respectively) was non-significant. Conclusion: The majority of individuals from all personality types had a habit of teeth clenching followed by biting on hard objects. The least prevalent parafunctional habit reported by them was the parafunctional habit of chewing gum. Keywords: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to experience, Emotional stability, Oral parafunctional habits

OBJECTIVES:  To find the association of extraversion personality traits with oral parafunctional habits. METHODOLOGY: A Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 200 individuals in the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, over 5 months from July to November 2021. Data was collected using a pre-validated medical questionnaire and a ten-item personality inventory scale (TIPI). The sampling technique used was Convenience sampling. A sample size of 200 was calculated with the help of WHO sample size determination software. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the scores of extraversion personality traits across the oral parafunctional habit group of nail-biting (p= 0.007). In contrast, that for tooth grinding (0.114), tooth clenching (0.076), biting hard objects (0.74) and chewing gum (p= 0.659) was non-significant. The highest mean rank score for the personality trait of extraversion was found in individuals who strongly agreed to have a habit of nail-biting (129.23), tooth grinding (153.63), and tooth clenching (142.61) and biting hard objects (12.07). The highest mean rank score for the parafunctional habit of chewing gum (107.28) was found in individuals who strongly disagreed with having the habit. CONCLUSION: The highest mean rank score for the personality trait of extraversion was found in individuals who strongly agreed to have a habit of nail-biting, tooth grinding, tooth clenching and biting hard objects. The highest mean rank score for the parafunctional habit of chewing gum was found in individuals who strongly disagreed with having the habit.

Objectives: In depth exploration of perceptions of physiotherapist regarding the prevalent conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 and its vaccine and assess their willingness to get vaccinated. Methods: A qualitative research method was adapted to gain a keen insight into vaccine hesitancy in physiotherapist. Ground theory was used as a framework to develop a semi- structured questionnaire guided to conduct in-depth interviews. Results: Most participants believed that SARS-CoV-2 is a natural virus that causes a disease just like other viruses and it is absurd to believe that the vaccine is being used by foreign powers for the implantation of microchips just to control humans. Many physiotherapist believed that pharmaceutical companies might be hiding some important information on coronavirus to promote the sale of their product. Majority of participants believed that the government should enforce everyone to get coronavirus vaccine. All the participants showed some doubts on the reliability and trust worthiness on the COVID-19 vaccine safety and efficacy data. All but one participant showed willingness to get coronavirus vaccine if it is to be provided free of cost. Majority of participants considered adverse reaction, cost of vaccine, and limited data on safety and efficacy profile of coronavirus Vaccine an important hindrance to their final decision on getting vaccine. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is a major hindrance to our current fight against coronavirus pandemic. Stakeholders must consider this ongoing vaccination campaign as an unprecedented opportunity to formulate required interventions that will help reduce vaccine hesitancy among Pakistani physiotherapist. Key terms: COVID-19, Vaccine, Hesitancy, Pakistan, Physiotherapist

OBJECTIVES To find the frequency radiolucencies associated with the second molar adjacent to an impacted third molar in the maxilla as compared to the mandible. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 385 Orthopantomograms (OPG) of patients visiting Sharif Medical and Dental College (SMDC), Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) and Institute of Dentistry, CMH, Lahore Medical College, Lahore over a period of three months from December 2020 to February 2021. Patients above the age of 21 years were included in this study. Grossly carious third molars with inadequate tooth structure to be evaluated and patients with missing maxillary and mandibular third molars were excluded from the study. RESULTS The association between periapical radiolucencies (p=0.140), pericoronal radiolucencies (p=1.000) and external root resorption (p= 0.157) with the arch type (mandible/ maxilla) were not statistically significant but that of caries with the arch was significant (p≤0.001). CONCLUSION The periapical and pericoronal radiolucencies, caries and external root resorption associated with the second molar in the presence of an impacted third molar were higher in the mandible as compared to the maxilla.

Objective: To identify the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in medical and dental practitioners during COVID 19 pandemic. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 146 medical and dental practitioners. The study was conducted at College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore and Sardar Begum dental college, Peshawar from August 2021 to June 2022. The Obsessive-compulsive inventory scale with a Cronbach alpha value of 0.966 was used for data collection. The association of the presence of symptoms of checking (p=0.027), neutralizing (p=0.021), and hoarding (p=0.009) with the area of practice was statistically significant while it was non-significant for the symptoms of washing (p=0.332), obsessing (p=0.093), ordering (p=0.093) and doubting (p=0.099). The presence of obsessive-compulsive disorder and the area of practice was also non-significant (p=0.300). The percentage of all seven symptoms in medical practitioners was higher in comparison to the dental practitioners. It was seen that a higher percentage of medical practitioners developed obsessive-compulsive disorder in comparison to dental practitioners during the COVID 19 pandemic Keywords: Obsessive-compulsive disorder, medical practitioners, Dental practitioners, COVID-19 pandemic