Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies have been emerged as a fabrication method to obtain engineering components within a short span of time. 3D printing, also referred as additive layer manufacturing technology is one of the powerful methods of rapid prototyping (RP) technique that fabricates three-dimensional engineering components. fused deposition modelling (FDM) is one of the most commonly used additive manufacturing (AM) methods, with applications in modelling, prototyping, and production. Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) is a widely used industrial thermoplastic that is also the most commonly used material in FDM technology. Understanding the impact of FDM build settings on material characteristics is essential for predicting the behaviour of ABS components. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of specimen tensile and compressive behaviour on ABS components produced using FDM. The Ultimaker+2 printer is used to create ABS thermoplastic samples for the investigation. The samples are put through their tests using a modified form of ASTM D638 for tensile strength and ASTM D695 for compressive strength. An Instron testing machine is used to put the printed parts to the test. The approach employed was Design of Experiment (DOE). Three primary criteria are used in the plastics experiment: infill density, layer thickness, and infill pattern. We measured the tensile and compressive strengths of zigzag and gyroid specimens, as well as cross specimens. The highest compressive strength at break (25.01 MPa), Young's modulus (2.473 GPa), fracture strength (21.016 MPa), and ultimate tensile stress (23.1 MPa) were all discovered in a sample with 60% infill density, 0.05mm layer thickness, and a GYROID infill pattern.

The impact of 3D printing parameters is critical for expanding the application of technology in the design and construction. The effect of bonding layers on the compressive strength of the material is investigated in this research by variation of the layer thickness and print speed. Cube specimens with layer thicknesses ranging from 0.05 to 0.3mm and print rates of 40mm/s, were tested on compression with the DARTEC test equipment. It was found that layer thicknesses of 0.05mm and 0.15mm have similar elastic properties while the 0.15mm layer can take additional load after initial plastic deformation. Layer thickness of 0.30mm has significantly lower elastic zone load capacity, but the stress in plastic zone continue to grow. The findings are of great importance for in explaining the S-N curve in order to enhance part manufacture.

Most 3D-printed FDM items are not solid-printed because printing solids requires a large amount of material and a relatively long printing time, both of which result in higher printing costs. Most items are printed with a hard shell and proper infill density to optimize the printing process. The shell width, the filling density, the infill pattern, and the thickness of the layer all play an important role in the quality of the printed items. This new work aims to characterize the FDM process to apply this technology in printing parts to withstand stresses by focusing on the most important process parameters that contribute to improving the bearing of parts when exposed to compression. For this purpose, the effects of four main parameters of the FDM, which are: infill density, outer shell width, infill pattern, and layer thickness, with different levels of each parameter, were investigated, and the effect of each of these parameters on the compressive property of the printed parts was also examined. The Taguchi method was used to design the experiments so that all parameter levels were tested in the fewest possible number of tests. The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was also used to clarify and measure the effect of the process variables on the compressive property. The compression test was adopted as the basis for analyzing test results, which confirmed that the effect of the infill density on the compressive resistance can be classified at a strong level (rank 1), and that of the outer shell width on the compressive resistance can be classified at a level ranging from medium to strong (rank 2), while that of the infill pattern on the compressive resistance can be classified at a range from weak to medium level (rank 3), and the effect of the layer thickness on the compressive resistance can be classified as weak (rank 4). This work provides an opportunity to improve the functionality of the multipurpose FDM process, which can be used to reduce the number of raw materials required, efficiently shorten printing times, and enhance the compressive properties to meet the needs of FDM print design better.

The objective of this work is study the carbonation of reinforced steel in different solutions include artificial seawater (3.5% NaCl), river water and domestic water by electrochemical method at room temperature. Corrosion parameters were measured to calculate corrosion rates from polarization curves. Cyclic polarization was tested to know the possibility of occurring for pitting corrosion. Both Tafel plot and cyclic polarization indicate that the corrosion of reinforced steel was the lowest in river water due to the impurities and clay in this water which can be inter to the pores in concrete and it does not allow to occur carbonation of reinforced steel in addition to forming calcium salts with anions in river water more than forming calcium carbonate which close the pores of concrete. The results were supplemented with optical microscopy.

The goal of this research is to determine how tiredness behavior may be measured (PLA). A To A variety of technical data sets were S-N curves were chosen and statistically re-analyzed. as described in the following section, to generate a negative reference value reverse slope also an improved tolerance limit of 106 2 failure cycles. The average effect of stress on fatigue can be indicated via administering the highest level of stress achievable during the cycle, according to experimental data examined after treatment. Furthermore stress/strength study may be effectively performed until the printing orientation seems to possess minimal influence on PLA's general tiredness behavior. carried out via taking the printing orientation into account. A homogeneous, linearly elastic polymer is described. When acceptable experimental findings are not available, the paper explains how to conduct a fatigue evaluation (with a survival probability better than 95%). The study demonstrates how to do so via utilizing standard fatigue curves with a negative-inverse regression of 5.5 and a tolerance limit (2 106 cycles to failure) equivalent to 10% of the material's maximum 𝜎 𝑡 .