Objective: To evaluate the genetic association of glutathione S transferase M1 and glutathione S transferase T1 genes insertion/deletion polymorphism with the risk of colorectal cancer. Method: This case-control study was conducted March 2018 and November 2019 at the University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan, and comprised blood samples from colorectal cancer patients and age- and gender-matched controls. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from blood samples, and glutathione S transferase M1 and glutathione S transferase T1 genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction at the Institute of Radiation and Nuclear Medicine, Peshawar. Data regarding age, gender, location, smoking status, cancer stage and node involvement was collected on a predesigned proforma. Data was analysed using Minitab 17. Results: The frequency of glutathione S transferase M1 was was significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk (p<0.01), while glutathione S transferase T1 null genotype showed non-significant association (p<0.43). The association between the combined deletion of glutathione S transferase M1 and glutathione S transferase T1 polymorphism and the colorectal risk was significant (p=0.011). Glutathione S transferase M1 and glutathione S transferase T1 deletions had non-significant association with age, smoking status, dwelling and tumour location (p>0.05) when compared with the wild genotypes in colorectal cancer cases. Conclusion: Glutathione S transferase M1 gene deletion was found to be associated with the risk of colorectal cancer development. Key Words: Colorectal cancer, Detoxification, GSTM1, GSTT1, Polymorphism. Continuous...
Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to do the comparison of the effect of general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia on neonatal Apgar score in patients enduring elective cesarean section. Study design: A Randomized control trial. Place and duration: In the department of Anesthesia, pain and intensive care Divisional Headquarters teaching Hospital Mirpur Hospital for six-months duration from July 2021 to December 2021. Methods: In this study, 120 patients in the cesarean section operating room list were alienated into 2 equal groups. Group I (n = 60) were given spinal anesthesia and in group II (n = 60), general anesthesia was given. There was no significant difference in height, weight and age of patients. Patient information is recorded on the designed performa. Comparisons were made between groups I and II. Apgar scores were assessed 1 and 5 minutes after birth and recorded as proforma. Results: The patients mean age of the group-I was 30.04 ± 4.9 years and 29.81± 5.84 years in the group-II. The mean change between the groups was not statistically substantial (p = 0.66). The patients mean weight in the first group was 70.95 ± 10.31 kg and in the second group it was 73.50 ±11.28 kg. Infants born to women who received spinal anesthesia had a higher Apgar score at 1 minute and 5 minutes compared to females who were given general anesthesia (P <0.001). The highest proportion of patients in the first group exhibited better Apgar score than patients in the second group. Conclusion: Neonates of females who had cesarean section under spinal anesthesia had better APGAR score than under general anesthesia. Keywords: Apgar score, spinal anesthesia, general anesthesia, neonatal
Background AKT, also called protein kinase B, is a serine-threonine kinase that functions as a mediator of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway and plays an important role in an array of cellular processes. Many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in AKT gene have been observed to be associated with various types of cancers. In the current research the association of a functional SNP rs1130233 in AKT, depicting G to A transition, was studied with AKT activation, DNA damage, an early response B-cell translocation gene 2 (Btg2) expression and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Patients and methods A total 197 population-based controls and 200 CRC patients were genotyped for SNP rs1130233. AKT expression, activation and BTG2 expression were determined in GG, AG and AA genotype carriers. DNA damage was determined through comet assay. Results The heterozygous AG genotype (55.67%) was more prevalent in the local population compared to homozygous wild type GG (37.78%) and homozygous AA genotypes (6.55%). Moreover, AG and AA alleles were observed to be significant contributors (P = 0.01, OR = 1.80, CI = 1.18 to 2.74, and P = 0.001, OR = 5.00, CI = 1.90 to 13.18, respectively) in increasing the risk of CRC. The immunoblot analysis revealed that G to A transition decreased the expression and activation of AKT. Moreover, AG and AA genotypes of AKT1 rs1130233 showed a significant increase in DNA damage and Btg2 expression. Conclusions The data concludes that G to A substitution is a risk factor for CRC development involving a decrease in AKT expression and activation and increase in DNA damage.
Background: Despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV is still responsible for substantial illness and death, especially in developing countries. Early start of treatment (ART) is associated with better therapeutic outcome, reduced transmissibility of HIV, reduction in loss to follow-up, and remarkably reduced death rate. Objectives: To find out the factors associated with early and late Initiation of ART among patients affected by HIV in Lahore, Pakistan Methods: From November 2017 to April 2018, researchers conducted an analytical cross-sectional study on 156 HIV patients aged 18 and older that began antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Jinnah & Mayo Hospital, Lahore's HIV clinics. Samples were selected by non-probability convenience sampling and Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors related to early and late Initiation of ART. The p-value of less than
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