A 70-days feeding trial was conducted to assess the impact of polyphenols supplemented canola meal based diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and antioxidant activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) fingerlings. Seven experimental diets viz., T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 with graded levels of polyphenols at 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg kg-1 respectively were formulated. Each treatment diet was fed to fishes in triplicate tanks and in each replicate, fifteen fingerlings were stocked. Effect of each treatment on the weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), nutrient digestibility and antioxidant activity were assessed. Maximum growth performance, highest SGR (1.41) and best FCR (1.31) was observed in fish fed test diet T4 having 400 mg kg-1 of polyphenols. Nutrient digestibility in terms of crude protein (72%), crude fat (76%) and gross energy (67%) also significantly increased (p<0.05) by supplementation of polyphenols at 400 mg kg-1 level. With respect to antioxidant activity, increasing trend was observed with increasing levels of dietary polyphenols with the highest antioxidant activity recorded in fish fed T6 diet supplemented with 600 mg kg-1 of polyphenols.
The current research reports the synthesis of 14 para-substituted
thiosemicarbazone derivatives in good to excellent yields using standard
procedures. Initially, 4-ethoxybenzaldehyde (1) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde
(2) were refluxed with thiosemicarbazide in the presence
of acetic acid in ethanol for 4–5 h. Then, various substituted
phenacyl bromides were treated with the desired thiosemicarbazones
(3 and 4) in the presence of triethylamine
in ethanol with constant stirring for 5–6 h. The resulting
derivatives were confirmed through electron impact mass spectrometry
and 1H NMR spectroscopy and evaluated for anticholinesterase
inhibitory activity. Among the series, four compounds, 19, 17, 7, and 6, showed potent
inhibitory activity against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme,
having IC50 values of 110.19 ± 2.32, 114.57 ±
0.15, 140.52 ± 0.11, and 160.04 ± 0.02 μM, respectively,
compared with standard galantamine (IC50 = 104.5 ±
1.20 μM). Similarly, compounds 19 (IC50 = 145.11 ± 1.03 μM), 9 (IC50 =
147.20 ± 0.09 μM), 17 (IC50 = 150.36
± 0.18 μM), and 6 (IC50 = 190.21
± 0.13 μM) were the most excellent inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase
(BChE) when compared with the standard drug galantamine (IC50 = 156.8 ± 1.50 μM). In silico studies
were accomplished on the produced derivatives in order to explain
the binding interface of compounds with the active sites of AChE and
BChE enzymes.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic and this disease has infected millions of people globally now. COVID-19 is caused by a novel beta coronavirus strain known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Once SARS-CoV-2 manages to enter the body, it identifies and binds to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors through the binding receptor of Spike Protein (S-protein). The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals as potential inhibitors of the binding domain of S protein so that the binding of COVID-19 with ACE2 receptors could be restrained. For this purpose, the library of 2113 phytochemicals was docked against the binding domain of the S-protein. Top ten compounds with maximum binding affinity to the active sites of target protein were further screened for ADMET properties by adopting SwissADME and ADMETsar online servers. The compounds namely Morin, Curcumin, Apigenin, Cedronolactone A and Matairesinol showed acceptable drug-like properties therefore these compounds can be proposed as effective inhibitors, disrupting the S-protein-ACE2 interaction. This study might help in the development of a natural and cost-effective drug against COVID-19. Further, in vivo and in vitro examinations are required to validate our results.
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