Background: The dental health component (DHC) is used to assess different malocclusions by evaluating the number of teeth, overjet, overbite and contact points of each tooth. This index is subjectively influenced by socioeconomic factors. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the overview of the socioeconomic status and orthodontic treatment need based on the DHC of State 15 Medan Junior High School students. Methods: This study represented a descriptive research featuring cross-sectional design. The subjects of this study consisted of 100 high school students. This study was conducted by making dental impressions and distributing questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS 17.0 software using a descriptive statistical test and presented in a distribution and frequency table. Results: 89% of subjects demonstrated DHC levels of 1-2. 66.3% of subjects with parents of secondary education level had DHC grades 1-2, followed by 31.5% with parents of higher education level and 2.2% with parents of basic education level. The majority of subjects with DHC grades 1-2 had parents occupying class 2 jobs and the lowest number of students had parents holding class 4 jobs. The majority of the subjects with DHC grades 1-2 (77.5%) were of low income parents.  Conclusion: The largest distribution of orthodontic treatment need based on DHC among students of State 15 Junior High School occurred at levels 1-2 which either required or did not require minor orthodontic treatment. The majority of the students with DHC grades 1-2 have parents of secondary education level, a class 2 job and a low monthly income.

Pernafasan atau respirasi adalah proses masuk dan keluarnya udara ke dalam dan keluar paru-paru. Pada pernafasan normal, udara masuk dan keluar melalui hidung. Pernafasan mulut terjadi karena adanya kesulitan dalam bernafas melalui hidung. Bernafas melalui mulut dapat mengubah postur kepala, rahang dan lidah, dan ini akan mengubah keseimbangan tekanan pada rahang dan gigi serta mempengaruhi pertumbuhan rahang dan posisi gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan inklinasi gigi insisivus maksila, inklinasi dan mandibula serta sudut interinsisal pada pasien maloklusi Klas I dan Klas II skeletal dengan pola pernafasan normal dan pernafasan melalui mulut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan 44 foto sefalometri lateral pasien yang bernafas normal dan bernafas melalui mulut berusia antara 8-12 tahun. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menghitung rerata dan standar deviasi inklinasi gigi insisivus maksila, inklinasi gigi insisivus mandibula dan sudut interinsisal. Hasil uji-t Independen menunjukkan nilai rerata derajat dan ukuran linear inklinasi gigi insisivus maksila dan sudut interinsisal pada maloklusi Klas I skeletal dan derajat inklinasi gigi insisivus maksila, ukuran linear inklinasi gigi insisivus mandibula dan sudut interinsisal pada maloklusi Klas II skeletal antara pernafasan normal dan pernafasan melalui mulut terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan.

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Abstract-The prevalence of malocclusion in Indonesia is high while dental health behaviour among adolescents especially towards malocclusion is inadequate whereas health services has not been satisfied. One of the most used index, Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need which consists of aesthetic component and dental health component. The aim of this research was to identify orthodontic treatment need based on aesthetic component among adolescents in Medan. This is a descriptive research with crosssectional design. Two stage stratification cluster sampling method were used. Total sample in this research were 400 adolescents in Medan. The results of this research stated that distribution of treatment need based on aesthetic component among adolescents in Medan were 210 individual (52.5%) for group AC 1-2 (no treatment needed), 112 individual (28%) for group AC 3-4 (mild treatment needed), 41 individuals (10.3%) for group 5-7 (moderate treatment needed) and 37 individuals (9.3%) for group AC 8-10 ( great need for treatment).The conclusion from this research stated that most of the adolescents in Medan do not require orthodontic treatment.

One of wires commonly used in orthodontic treatment is nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwire. NiTi archwire has the potential to release ions that can cause allergic and cytotoxic reactions. This study aimed to specify the difference in the amount of nickel ion release and surface microstructure of NiTi archwires after immersing in tomato and orange juice. NiTi archwire with a diameter of 0.016 inches and a length of 5 cm was used as the sample, which was immersed in 15 ml of solution and then stored at 37°C in an incubator for 24 hours. The samples were divided into two tretment groups (immersed in tomato and orange juice), each with nine samples. The immersion solution was tested for ion release using an Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometer. The microstructure of the wire surface was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that group 1 has higher average amount of nickel ion release than group 2 and control. SEM result showed that the surface microstructure of the NiTi archwire in group 1 is roughest. There was a significant difference between the amount of nickel ion released and surface microstructure on NiTi archwire after being immersed in tomato and orange juice.

Stainless steel archwire is an important component of orthodontic appliances that have the potential to corrode. Consumption of foods and beverages with a low pH, such as fruit-based juices, can trigger the release of nickel ions in stainless steel archwire. This study aimed to determine the difference in the amount of nickel ions release and the surface microstructure of stainless steel archwire after immersed in tomato and orange juice. The sample used is stainless steel archwire with a diameter of 0.016 inches and length of 5 cm immersed in 15 ml of solution and then stored at 37°C in an incubator for 24 hours. The samples were divided into three groups (immersed in tomato juice,orange juice and artificial saliva), each group consisted of 9 samples. The solution was tested using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) to determine the number of nickel ions released. The archwire surface microstructure was tested using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results showed that the average amount of nickel ion release in orange juice is more than tomato juice. There was a significant difference between the amount of nickel ion released and surface microstructure on stainless steel archwire after being immersed in tomato and orange juice.

Dental braces installed in dental artisan and beauty salons are due to lack of awareness and knowledge of the community, especially school students about the indication of the use of dental braces and its consequences if used with improper purposes. One of the government's efforts to improve dental health rates for school students is the holding of the oral healthcare program (UKGS) in school. However, the oral healthcare program has not been evenly implemented and it is rare to conduct outreach about the use of dental braces. The purpose of this study was to increase knowledge about the correct use of braces in students of SMPN 34 and SMPN 36 Medan. This research was a descriptive study using 118 student samples from SMPN 34 and SMPN 36 Medan. The results of this study showed that was 92.6% of male students and 84.4% of female students knew that braces function was to straighten teeth, 79.6% male students and 78.1% female students knew the purpose of installing braces was for health, and 92.6% of male students and 84.4% of female students have known that braces installation must be performed by an orthodontist. The conclusion of this study was the level of knowledge about the use of braces in students of SMPN 34 and SMPN 36 Medan was quite high.

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