No abstract

Coffee pulp biomass waste can easily be found anywhere in Indonesia, considering it is the fourth world's largest coffee exporter. The utilization of coffee pulp is very limited and is categorized as a source of pollutants in water bodies and soils. In contrast, coffee pulp waste is very potential because 63% of the main compound is cellulose. Microbial utilization of this waste for enzyme production purposes, especially cellulase, is a breakthrough that may lead to reduce production costs. Initial investigations showed that Aspergillus sp. VTM1 through solid-state fermentation (SSF) could produce cellulases. Optimal cellulase could be produced if 10 g coffee pulp with 10% moisture is inoculated using 108 spores/mL of Aspergillus sp. VTM1 for 48 hours at 30 °C. Hydrolysis of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) substrate in 50 mM acetate buffer pH 5 by this cellulase showed that the enzyme activity reached up to 1.18 U/mL. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 5 and stable at 3-3.5 and 4-7. The success of the first step of this investigation will be a cheap way of producing cellulases.

No abstract

Although malaria had ever been virtually eradicated from Indonesia but currently malaria is recognized as a serious re-emerging threat to public health. This disease is caused by malaria parasite which is transmitted to human host by Anopheles mosquitoes as main vector. It has been widely observed that saliva of mosquito that transmits disease contains several factors that could enhance pathogen infection. Therefore, it should be possible to control pathogen transmission by vaccinating the host against the molecule(s) in saliva that potentiate the infection. However, immunogenic specific component in mosquitoes vectors of Malaria has not yet been identified so far. The objective of this study are to analyze protein profile of SDS-PAGE and to know the immunogity the protein extract of salivary gland from potential vector of Malaria i.e. An. Aconitus. We used immunogenic reaction between salivary gland extract of these vectors against pool of human sera which were collected from endemic area. The reaction conducted by the dot-blot analyze. SDS-PAGE studies showed 15 major polypeptide bands of 284, 100, 84, 75, 66, 57, 53, 48, 45, 38, 33, 29, 15, 14, and 11 kDa. The dot-blot studies showed that the protein extract of salivary gland from An. aconitus are immunogenic.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease which indicated with increasing blood glucose level. Carbohidrate, protein, mineral and secondary metabolite (alkaloid, tannin and saponin) can be benefical to treat diabetes mellitus. Rats were randomly divided into three groups. First, control group. Second, STZ group, untreated diabetic. Third, STZ+GA 15% group, diabetic treated with GA 15%. Result showed that blood glucose level before STZ induction on control and STZ group within normal range 78,57±11,90 mg/dL and 74,85±6,86 mg/dL. Blood glucose level significantly increase after STZ induction on STZ and STZ+GA 15% group become 375±6,53 mg/dL and 346,42±50,23 mg/dL. Diabetic rat treated with GA 15% revealed decrease in blood glucose level compared to untreated diabetic rat. Blood glucose level on STZ+GA 15% group continuously decrease become 96,42±13,45 mg/dL and 82,14±9,19 mg/dL. In conclusion, GA 15% could reduce blood glucose level on diabetic rat.