Increasing evidence indicates that immunoglobulins are important for the regulation of various cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the underlying mechanisms of IgG regulated PCa development remain to be further explored. Here, we demonstrated that IgG1 heavy chain (IGHG1) was increased in tissues from PCa patients. Inhibition of IGHG1 by antibody blocking or genetic knockdown suppressed cell growth and induced cell cycle arrest and ultimate apoptosis. Expression levels of c-Myc were positively correlated with the levels of IGHG1. Furthermore, MEK/ERK/c-Myc pathway lied downstream of IGHG1 in cultured prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of IGHG1 restrained the tumor growth in nude mice and inactivated MEK/ERK/c-Myc pathway both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that IGHG1 play a crucial role during the development of prostate cancer and inhibition of IGHG1 may be a potential therapy in the treatment of PCa.
The emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens have spurred the urgent need to develop novel antimicrobial agents with different mode of action. In this respect, we turned several fusogenic peptides (FPs) derived from the hemagglutinin glycoproteins (HAs) of IAV into potent antibacterials by replacing the negatively or neutrally charged residues of FPs with positively charged lysines. Their antibacterial activities were evaluated by testing the MICs against a panel of bacterial strains including S. aureus, S. mutans, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The results showed that peptides HA-FP-1, HA-FP-2-1, and HA-FP-3-1 were effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MICs ranging from 1.9 to 16.0 μm, while the toxicities toward mammalian cells were low. In addition, the mode of action and the secondary structure of these peptides were also discussed. These data not only provide several potent peptides displaying promising potential in development as broad antimicrobial agents, but also present a useful strategy in designing new antimicrobial agents.
We report the control of the dressed state in three-mode optical entanglement in an N-type four-level system using two cascaded parametric amplification four-wave mixing steps inside an atom-like optical cavity and injected by thermal optical fields: a coherent field and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen field. First, cavity dressing results in Aulter-Towns-like (AT-like peak) anti-squeezing. And the three-cavity dressing interaction induces multi-AT-like peaks. Meanwhile, the cavity enhanced nonlinear gain results in one squeezing dip polariton. In addition, the coupling of three enhanced nonlinear gains brings about multi-dip squeezing. Second, as two nonlinear coefficients change, the nonlinear phase makes the squeezing profile (in phase, amplification) turn into an anti-squeezing profile due to nonlinear loss (out of phase, de-amplification). Finally, the squeezing profile can also be modified by field dressing (AT splitting, enhancement and suppression), and the squeezing degree is affected by injection fields. Thus, by judging the squeezing of three nonseparability criteria, we get three-mode optical entanglement.
Adrenoceptors are suggested to mediate the functions of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues in vertebrates. Compared to mammals, the functionality and expression of adrenoceptors have not been well characterized in birds. Here, we reported the structure, expression, and functionality of chicken functional α2A-adrenoceptor, named ADRA2A. The cloned chicken ADRA2A cDNA is 1335 bp in length, encoding the receptor with 444 amino acids (a.a.), which shows high amino acid sequence identity (63.4%) with its corresponding ortholog in humans. Using cell-based luciferase reporter assays and Western blot, we demonstrated that the ADRA2A could be activated by both NE and EPI through multiple signaling pathways, including MAPK/ERK signaling cascade. In addition, the mRNA expression of ADRA2A is found to be expressed abundantly in adult chicken tissues including thyroid, lung, ovary and adipose from the reported RNA-Seq data sets. Moreover, the mRNA expression of ADRA2A is also found to be highly expressed in the granulosa cells of 6–8 mm and F5 chicken ovarian follicles, which thus supports that ADRA2A signaling may play a role in ovarian follicular growth and differentiation. Taken together, our data provide the first proof that the α2A-adrenoceptor is functional in birds involving avian ovarian follicular development.
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