A facile synthesis route has been developed to prepare LiFePO 4 /C composites by using Fe−P waste slag from the industrial production of yellow phosphorus. The processes included reclaiming Fe and P in the form of a ferroalloy, preheating the Fe−P with lithium salts, and complementary phosphorus source in air to produce a precursor, and calcining the precursor with glucose in Ar to obtain the products. The reaction process and electrochemical performance were investigated with various techniques. LiFePO 4 /C with 5.9 wt % carbon exhibits enhanced power capability, low polarization, high reaction activity and reversibility. The discharge capacities are 150, 147, 131, 124, 112, and 93 mAh/g at different current rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 C, respectively. The recovery rate at 0.1 C is 98.9% after 130 cycles at the given rates. The results are comparable to that of the LiFePO 4 /C prepared using FePO 4 or other Fe salts, which indicates the applicability of the novel simple way put forward in this work to convert industrial waste into energy materials for scaling up based on low cost.
What is already known about this topic?Coastal areas of China have a higher reported incidence of other infectious diarrheal diseases (OIDD; excluding cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and paratyphoid) than inland areas of China. What is added by this report?The incidence of OIDD in high latitude coastal provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) near Bohai Sea was positively correlated with sea surface temperatures (SSTs), while in coastal PLADs near the South China Sea was negatively correlated. What are the implications for public health practice?The marine environmental risk factors acquired by remote sensing provide a new way for diseases surveillance and early warning. SSTs can be employed as predictor of OIDD in some coastal areas in China.
The large area estimation of forest canopy closure (FCC) using remotely sensed data is of high interest in monitoring forest changes and forest health, as well as in assessing forest ecological services. The accurate estimation of FCC over the regional or global scale is challenging due to the difficulty of sample acquisition and the slow processing efficiency of large amounts of remote sensing data. To address this issue, we developed a novel bounding envelope methodology based on vegetation indices (BEVIs) for determining vegetation and bare soil endmembers using the normalized differences vegetation index (NDVI), modified bare soil index (MBSI), and bare soil index (BSI) derived from Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 image within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, then combined the NDVI with the dimidiate pixel model (DPM), one of the most commonly used spectral-based unmixing methods, to map the FCC distribution over an area of more than 90,000 km2. The key processing was the determination of the threshold parameter in BEVIs that characterizes the spectral boundary of vegetation and soil endmembers. The results demonstrated that when the threshold equals 0.1, the extraction accuracy of vegetation and bare soil endmembers is the highest with the threshold range given as (0, 0.3), and the estimated spatial distribution of FCC using both Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 images were consistent, that is, the area with high canopy density was mainly distributed in the western mountainous region of Chifeng city. The verification was carried out using independent field plots. The proposed approach yielded reliable results when the Landsat 8 data were used (R2 = 0.6, RMSE = 0.13, and 1-rRMSE = 80%), and the accuracy was further improved using Sentinel-2 images with higher spatial resolution (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 0.09, and 1-rRMSE = 86%). The findings demonstrate that the proposed method is portable among sensors with similar spectral wavebands, and can assist in mapping FCC at a regional scale while using multispectral satellite imagery.
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