analyzing floristic composition, structure and regeneration status of woody plant species. The floristic composition and population structure of woody plant species were recorded in 76 quadrats, each of which 20× 20 m 2 size. Data on species cover abundance, DBH, height and numbers of individuals per species and altitude were recorded from each quadrat. From NNP Riverine Forest 86 vascular plant species, representing 65 genera and 30 families were recorded. The family Fabaceae had the highest no. of species (11) followed by Euphorbiaceae each with 7 species, Sapindaceae and Tiliaceae each by 5 species. The four most abundant woody plant species in the forest were Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolus, Trichilia dregeana, Syzygium guineense, Euclea divinorum. Moreover, the five most frequently distributed woody plant species were Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolus, Trichilia dregeana, Syzygium guineense, Euclea divinorum and Maytenus senegalensis. Three communities: Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius-Trichilia dregeana community, Trichilia dregeana-Syzygium guineense community and Syzygium guineense-Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius community were recognized, with similarity coefficients of 0.65, indicating that there are moderate similarity among the communities. The Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness in the forest were 2.92 and 0.68 respectively, indicating high diversity. The matured, sapling and seedling density of species were 1815.8(23.3%), 1344.1(17.2%) and 4635.9(59.5%) stems ha-1. The population structure in the forest revealed that there is a need of conservation for communities with poor regeneration status. problems that contribute to the destruction of natural habitats, and hence wildlife in NNP were temporary and permanent settlement, charcoal making, firewood collection, overgrazing, deliberate fire to clear the vegetation for agriculture and selective tree cutting for construction were the main threats in the NNP (Samson et al., 2010; NNP, 2015). This factor is responsible for the decline in their habitat and population density (Workneh et al., 2016). Arba Minch Natural forest was one of the forests of Nech Sar National Park victimized by these anthropogenic activities as well as environmental factors. Awareness and knowledge on sustainable use and management were very much less (Aramde et al., 2012). According to FAO (2007), the diversity, regeneration status, floristic composition, and vegetation structure are crucial elements to clearly visualize the anthropogenic activities as well as environmental factors affecting the vegetation of an area. Hence, for effective management and conservation of this unique ecosystem of the country, there is an urgent need to develop a sound management and conservation plan, and this, in turn, required Structure, diversity, species richness, regeneration, Nechsar riverine vegetation Keywords:
The extraction of high-quality DNA from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is notoriously troublesome due to the high contents of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and different secondary metabolites. We have tested seven extraction buffers on silica dried okra leaves. Here, we describe a simple, rapid and modified procedure for high-quality DNA extraction from okra, which is amenable for downstream analyses. In contrast to Cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) methods, the described procedure is rapid, omits the use of liquid nitrogen, phenol, PVP-10, and chloroform. It also uses inexpensive and less hazardous reagents and requires only ordinary laboratory equipment. The procedure employed a high concentration of Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) to rid the problems associated with polysaccharides and polyphenols. The average yield was between 36 and 45 μg of total DNA from 90 mg of dried leaf weight. The DNA is adequate for molecular analysis of okra, such as genetic mapping or marker-assisted plant breeding. This protocol can be performed in as little as 3 h and may be adapted to high-throughput DNA isolation.
Angular leaf spot (ALS) and Anthracnose (ANT) are important diseases of common bean in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to pyramid resistant genes for ALS and ANT diseases into advanced line and to evaluate isolines against ALS and ANT using marker assisted selection in combination with phenotypic selection. The parent AND277 donor of Phg-1 and Co-14 genes for ALS and ANT respectively and the recipient KT-ABC001 line was used for this experiment. In genotypic selection, SSR and SCAR marker were used. Marker assisted backcrossing procedure was adopted and inheritances for resistant genes were characterized by using F2 and backcrosses. The Chi-square values showed no significant differences for ALS and ANT, 0.05 (p<0.78) and 0.03 (p<0.9) in genotypic and phenotypic selection respectively. The narrow sense heritability for ALS and ANT were 0.97 and 0.95 implying that selection for ALS and ANT can be done at early stage in a segregating population. Correlation values for ALS (r = -0.65) and for ANT (r = -0.73) were obtained between phenotypic and molecular data respectively. Eight gene pyramid groups were developed and evaluated against ALS and ANT. The gene pyramid group means were significantly different from each other (p<0.01) of which, Phg1+phg2+co14+cbb qtl and Phg-1+co-14+cbb QTL exhibited the lowest mean disease score to the three pathogens indicating both a high degree and a broad spectrum of resistance. The study identified three isolines with all four desirable genes. In general, pyramiding multiple genes for durable resistance using MAS in combination with phenotypic selection is invaluable for breeding program.
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