Cocoa butter improver (CBI) is typically composed of high melting symmetrical triacylglycerols (TAGs) that aid in the hardness of chocolate products in tropical/subtropical regions. High-melting symmetrical TAG (1,3-di-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol, SOS) rich fats were produced by two-stage acetone fractionation. Different chromatographic and thermal techniques were used to determine TAGs, thermal properties, and polymorphic behavior of each bambangan kernel fat (BKF) fraction. The first (S-1) and second (S-2) stearins composed of 55.83% and 64.70% symmetrical SOS were the valuable CBIs produced from the fractionated BKF. The stearin fractions also melted and crystallised rapidly at high temperatures with one maximum peak starting at 20.30-21.74 °C and ending at 38.72-42.45 °C (melting), and another starting at 17.05-18.46 °C and ended at 5.63-8.20 °C (crystallisation). In comparison with pure BKF and commercial cocoa butter (CB), the stearins showed sharper melting curves and higher melting properties. The stearins also exhibited β-polymorphic form which was similar to that of CB. Results suggested that the stearins were suitable to be applied as CBI to improve the melting properties and the availability of confectionery products in tropical/subtropical countries.

One of the pathways to reduce cholesterol production in the liver is through the inhibition of HMG-Coa reductase (HMGCR) by current drugs, statins. However, these have side effects if consumed in prolonged periods. Tangeretin and trans-ethyl caffeate as alternative drugs in reducing hypercholesterolemia and preventing atherosclerosis have never been reported. Their effects on inhibiting HMGCR activity were investigated through enzymatic method ( in vitro and in vivo ). The toxicity property was analyzed on the Serum Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase (SGOT)/Serum Glutamate Piruvate Transaminase (SGPT) levels and rat liver histology. The results showed that both compounds inhibited HMGCR activity significantly compare to the control simvastatin ( p < 0.05). Tangeretin which showed very good activity in inhibiting HMGCR (83.8 of % inhibition, equal to simvastatin) was selected and used for anti-hypercholesterolemia in vivo assessment. Furthermore, tangeretin was shown to effectively reduced Total Cholesterol (TC) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and increased High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels significantly compared to the simvastatin group ( p < 0.05). Tangeretin group was also proven to inhibit HMGCR rat liver activity significantly compare to the control simvastatin ( p < 0.05). The toxicity study on the SGOT/SGPT levels and liver histology revealed that there were no side effects after administration by tangeretin. Results found that both tangeretin and trans-ethyl caffeate are potent candidates as anti-hypercholesterolemia agent in vitro . In addition, tangeretin was also shown to be safe and suitable as an alternative treatment for controlling hypercholesterolemia in vivo as well as have potency for preventing atherosclerosis.

[RELATIONSHIP OF STUDENTS LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS WITH STUDENTS LEARNING INTEREST IN THE    CHEMISTRY SUBJECTS AT SMA NEGERI 1 TEBAT KARAI AND SMA NEGERI 1 KEPAHIANG] This study aims to measure the significance of relationships of interest in learning chemistry with the result of chemical learning students in class X IPA residing in SMA Negeri 1 Tebat Karai and a in SMA Negeri 1 Kepahiang at 2016/2017 academic year.. The research is the correlation research. The population in this research is the whole  class  of X IPA grade in  SMAN 1 Tebat Karai and SMAN 1 Kepahiang at 2016/2017 academic year with total population 218 students who at was a total sample of research. Data collection techniques in the study used the instruments form of the interest in learning chemistry. Data analysis tested using correlation analysis, test validity, reliability, linear regression and hypothesis testing. Based on the analysis of the data obtained to the conclusion that there was a significant positive relationship between interest in study with the results of the study chemistry well in SMA Negeri 1 Tebat Karai and SMA Negeri 1 Kepahiang, indicated from the value of F test  is greater than F table (30.225 > 3.885) with contributions amounting to 76.4%  with the most significant influence indicator is an understanding of the concept of the learning materials with the value of the average correlation of 0,377, 14. From the results of research conducted obtained the conclusion that that interest in learning affects student learning results in class X SMA Negeri 1 Tebat Karai and SMA Negeri 1 Kepahiang.

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This study aims to determine the comparison of student learning outcomes using cooperative learning type Teams Games Tournament (TGT) with media snake ladder and media puzzle in class XI SMA Negeri 01 Bengkulu Tengah Year 2017/2018 on the subject of colloidal system. This research is a quasi experimental research with the population of all students of class XI SMA Negeri 01 Bengkulu Tengah and the sample is XI MIPA 3 experiment I applying Snake Ladder media and XI MIPA 4 as experiment class II which apply puzzle media. Student learning outcomes in this study is seen from the difference between pretest and posttest values. In the experimental class I which uses snake ladder media, the average value of the increase in students' cognitive learning outcomes is 43.30. Whereas in the experimental class II that uses media puzzle, the average value of the increase in students' cognitive learning outcomes is 35.97. From a series of statistical tests conducted hypothesis testing using t-test with a significant level of 0.01 obtained tHitung> tTable (2.42> 2.39). The results showed that there was a significant difference between the learning outcomes of students who were taught by cooperative learning using Snake Media Appliance and Puzzle media. The result of this research can be concluded that  in general the result of student learning by applying cooperative learning model of Team Games Tournament (TGT) type with snake ladder media is higher than with puzzle media on colloidal system subject.

The pre‐treatment of oilseeds prior to extraction process may affect oil yield and quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two drying methods on rambutan seed fat (RSF) yield and their oxidative stability, physicochemical properties, and crystal morphology. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used in the optimisation and investigation of the effects of three process conditions: seed weight (g), extraction time (min), and solvent volume (ml) on RSF yield. Under optimal conditions, a maximum RSF yield of 44.14% was obtained. The differences between RSF pre‐treated with oven‐drying and RSF with freeze‐drying methods in slip melting point (38.3°C to 39.7°C), free fatty acid (3.13 to 3.50 mg KOH/g fat), peroxide value (1.04 to 1.67 meq of O2/kg of fat), p‐anisidine value (1.10 to 1.56), and total oxidation value (4.21 to 5.67) were significant (p < 0.05). Both fats showed needle‐like shaped crystals. Our results provide useful information in the pre‐treatment of RSF, which has potential to be used as blending component with palm oil for cocoa butter equivalent formulation in chocolate and confectionery industries.

[ANALYSIS OF THE CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY FROM CHEMICAL SUBJECTS IN STUDENTS OF CLASS XI IPA SMAN 1 KEPAHIANG] This research aims to know the critical thinking ability of students. Type of this research is descriptive research using quantitative methods. This research was carried out in SMA Negeri 1 Kepahiang on September 2 to 8 may in 2017. The population in this research is the entire class XI IPA are registered on the even-numbered school year 2016/2017 semester. As the samples are taken at class XI IPA 6 of 32 participants.  Data collection is done with the test in the form of reserved descriptions as much as 10 round the whole includes indicators of critical thinking from the taxonomy of Bloom that is level (C2) understand (C3), apply (C4), analyzing and evaluating (C5). Test results obtained from the analysis of results the percentage of students with the ability to answer a question of thinking very critically at 15,6%, quite critical at 53,2 %, and less critical at 31,2 %, with an average value of 61.81. From the average of the values obtained showed that students who have average value included in the category of being. Based on the analysis of the data collected can be inferred levels of critical thinking ability of the students in class XI IPA 6 SMA Negeri 1 Kepahiang at school 2016/2017 academic year can be grouped in a category group are of 53,2 %, middle , 15,6 %  at high group and 31,2 % at low groups. From the results, it can be concluded that overall students in grades at  XI IPA 6 SMA Negeri 1 Kepahiang even 2016/2017 academic year with the ability to enough think critically.

Pandanus tectorius fruit, a natural product rich in tangeretin and ethyl caffeate, has been reported to have potential as anti-hypercholesterolemia agent via Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1 (SR-B1) pathway. However, due to its semi-polar properties, P. tectorius extract exhibits poor solubility when used as a medical remedy. The extract’s solubility can potentially be improved through a synthesis of nanoparticles of chitosan- P. tectorius fruit extract. This can also increase the extract’s SR-B1 gene expression activity. To date, no studies of nanoparticles of chitosan- P. tectorius fruit extract and its pathway via SR-B1 have been published anywhere. In this study, cytotoxicity properties against HepG2 were explored by MTT. Then luciferase assay was used to detect their effectiveness in increasing SR-B1 activity. An in vivo study using Sprague dawley was carried out to observe the extract nanoparticles’ effectiveness in reducing the cholesterol levels and the toxicity property in rat’s liver. As the results showed, the extract nanoparticles had no cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells and exhibited higher SR-B1 gene expression activity than the non-nanoparticle form. As the in vivo study proved, nanoparticle treatment can reduce the levels of TC (197%), LDL (360%), and TG (109%), as well as increase the level of HDL cholesterol by 150%, in comparison to those for the untreated high-cholesterol diet group. From the toxicity study, it was found that there was non-toxicity in the liver. It can be concluded that nanoparticles of chitosan- P. tectorius fruit extract successfully increased P. tectorius fruit extract’s effectiveness in reducing hypercholesterolemia via SR-B1 pathway. Hence, it can be suggested that nanoparticles of chitosan- P. tectorius fruit extract is safe and suitable as an alternative treatment for controlling hypercholesterolemia via SR-B1 pathway.