The evolution of virtual reality technology allows users to immerse themselves into virtual environments, providing a new experience that is impossible in the real world. The appearance of cyber-physical systems and the Internet of things makes humans to understand and control the real world in detail. The integration of virtual reality into cyber-physical systems and the Internet of things may induce innovative education services in the near future. In this paper, we propose a novel, a virtual reality-based cyber-physical education system for efficient education in a virtual reality on a mobile platform, called VR-CPES. VR-CPES can integrate the real world into virtual reality using cyber-physical systems technology, especially using digital twin. We extract essential service requirements of VR-CPES in terms of delay time in the virtual reality service layer. In order to satisfy the requirements of the network layer, we design a new, real-time network technology interworking software, defined as network and time-sensitive network. A gateway function for the interworking is developed to make protocol level transparency. In addition, a path selection algorithm is proposed to make flexible flow between physical things and cyber things. Finally, a simulation study will be conducted to validate the functionalities and performance in terms of packet loss and delay as defined in the requirements.
Large-scale industrial IoT services appear in smart factory domains such as factory clouds which integrate distributed small factories into a large virtual factory with dynamic combination based on orders of consumers. A smart factory has so many industrial elements including various sensors/actuators, gateways, controllers, application servers, and IoT clouds. Since there are complex connections and relations, it is hard to handle them in point-to-point manner. In addition, many duplicated traffics are exchanged between them through the Internet. Multicast is believed as an effective many-to-many communication mechanism by establishing multicast trees between sources and receivers. ere are, however, some issues for adopting multicast to large-scale industrial IoT services in terms of QoS. In this paper, we propose a novel software-defined network multicast based on group shared tree which includes near-receiver rendezvous point selection algorithm and group shared tree switching mechanism. As a result, the proposed multicast mechanism can reduce the packet loss by 90% compared to the legacy methods under severe congestion condition. GST switching method obtains to decreased packet delay effect, respectively, 2%, 20% better than the previously studied multicast and the legacy SDN multicast.
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